1 00:00:07,259 --> 00:00:03,959 hello everybody welcome to our latest 2 00:00:09,539 --> 00:00:07,269 Hubble hangout and this is our monthly 3 00:00:10,860 --> 00:00:09,549 installment of news from Hubble and 4 00:00:13,440 --> 00:00:10,870 across the universe with doctor Frank 5 00:00:15,410 --> 00:00:13,450 summers so we are we had a really great 6 00:00:17,940 --> 00:00:15,420 hangout plan for you today so welcome 7 00:00:20,520 --> 00:00:17,950 nominally I have to apologize first off 8 00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:20,530 nominally we try to do these on a on a 9 00:00:26,490 --> 00:00:23,920 on the same time roughly after the the 10 00:00:27,690 --> 00:00:26,500 as soon as we can after the public 11 00:00:29,370 --> 00:00:27,700 lecture series is held on the first 12 00:00:31,350 --> 00:00:29,380 tuesday of each month but sometimes 13 00:00:33,209 --> 00:00:31,360 let's get in the way and we can't always 14 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:33,219 do it exactly when we'd like so thank 15 00:00:37,860 --> 00:00:35,050 you for your patience we've pushed it 16 00:00:40,709 --> 00:00:37,870 back a little bit into the month of july 17 00:00:42,150 --> 00:00:40,719 but we're here and frank is with us and 18 00:00:44,250 --> 00:00:42,160 i'm excited to talk about all this time 19 00:00:45,450 --> 00:00:44,260 I've seen is I've seen the outline of 20 00:00:47,700 --> 00:00:45,460 some of the things he's going to show us 21 00:00:49,319 --> 00:00:47,710 today so I'm very excited about this but 22 00:00:51,599 --> 00:00:49,329 before I get started with Frank let me 23 00:00:53,389 --> 00:00:51,609 remind you that we are monitoring that 24 00:00:55,529 --> 00:00:53,399 we are inviting and we hope you will 25 00:00:57,619 --> 00:00:55,539 communicate with us we're ask us 26 00:01:00,119 --> 00:00:57,629 questions leave us comments tweet at us 27 00:01:03,509 --> 00:01:00,129 in the following ways you've got the QA 28 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:03,519 a pop on YouTube and G+ you can also 29 00:01:08,790 --> 00:01:06,370 tweet using the hashtag hubble hang out 30 00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:08,800 I finally did it without stuttering and 31 00:01:13,530 --> 00:01:11,290 we are also monitoring the comments on 32 00:01:14,790 --> 00:01:13,540 the Google+ event page so please let us 33 00:01:16,350 --> 00:01:14,800 know if you have any questions for 34 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:16,360 Franco or I will be happy to talk about 35 00:01:22,140 --> 00:01:19,690 them and so without that any more ado 36 00:01:24,480 --> 00:01:22,150 let's go ahead and get started Frank 37 00:01:25,980 --> 00:01:24,490 summers the he is the outreach 38 00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:25,990 astronomer for the hubble space 39 00:01:30,360 --> 00:01:27,280 telescope in space telescope science 40 00:01:32,730 --> 00:01:30,370 institute and he every month joins he 41 00:01:33,930 --> 00:01:32,740 gets together with us to talk about some 42 00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:33,940 of the greatest things that not only 43 00:01:38,850 --> 00:01:36,850 helpful is doing but also great science 44 00:01:40,890 --> 00:01:38,860 across the universe so welcome Frank how 45 00:01:44,100 --> 00:01:40,900 are you doing hey chuny good to be with 46 00:01:46,500 --> 00:01:44,110 you this month we did we miss did we 47 00:01:51,120 --> 00:01:46,510 miss June we miss June I just checked it 48 00:01:53,220 --> 00:01:51,130 i checked my my my talk listings and i 49 00:01:54,780 --> 00:01:53,230 was like oh we miss june because i was 50 00:01:58,140 --> 00:01:54,790 at the double-a s remember in june 51 00:01:59,910 --> 00:01:58,150 that's right alright and then the reason 52 00:02:03,150 --> 00:01:59,920 why this is late is because every summer 53 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:03,160 i do a ton of teacher workshops we have 54 00:02:06,930 --> 00:02:04,570 a partnership with penn state university 55 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:06,940 where we teach hundreds of teachers in 56 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:10,090 the first part of the summer so i have a 57 00:02:16,539 --> 00:02:13,370 lot of talks to prepare and give and 58 00:02:20,259 --> 00:02:16,549 was unable to prep this for June and 59 00:02:21,729 --> 00:02:20,269 even last week I just got swamped by 60 00:02:24,369 --> 00:02:21,739 things and ones had to push it back a 61 00:02:26,680 --> 00:02:24,379 week but I'm here I got some fun stuff 62 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:26,690 to talk about I actually I think I went 63 00:02:30,940 --> 00:02:28,370 a little overboard today tony is because 64 00:02:32,559 --> 00:02:30,950 i have another for two months now okay 65 00:02:33,850 --> 00:02:32,569 well before we get you started now that 66 00:02:35,410 --> 00:02:33,860 you were talking about the teacher stuff 67 00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:35,420 i just want to ask you real quick before 68 00:02:39,580 --> 00:02:37,760 we get going on what you prepared when 69 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:39,590 you do a lot of work for teachers and 70 00:02:43,180 --> 00:02:41,690 educators up for the educate for the 71 00:02:44,530 --> 00:02:43,190 teachers who might be watching this is 72 00:02:47,039 --> 00:02:44,540 there a way in which they can get 73 00:02:49,390 --> 00:02:47,049 involved in what you're doing in those 74 00:02:51,190 --> 00:02:49,400 presentations or you know do we have 75 00:02:53,259 --> 00:02:51,200 resources we could point them to at some 76 00:02:54,520 --> 00:02:53,269 point well this is something that i 77 00:02:56,440 --> 00:02:54,530 think we need to develop a little bit 78 00:02:59,890 --> 00:02:56,450 better we have of course our amazing 79 00:03:03,490 --> 00:02:59,900 space website amazing hyphen space stsci 80 00:03:06,699 --> 00:03:03,500 edu and that is a tremendous educational 81 00:03:08,860 --> 00:03:06,709 resource people from all 50 states use 82 00:03:10,860 --> 00:03:08,870 it it's used by lots and lots of 83 00:03:13,990 --> 00:03:10,870 teachers and students around the country 84 00:03:16,869 --> 00:03:14,000 however the workshops that we do we 85 00:03:21,129 --> 00:03:16,879 generally do in partnership with various 86 00:03:23,020 --> 00:03:21,139 universities or schools or groups that 87 00:03:25,539 --> 00:03:23,030 can we can provide we can work with 88 00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:25,549 teachers over and over again and because 89 00:03:29,740 --> 00:03:27,680 we've already set up things that are 90 00:03:31,539 --> 00:03:29,750 better preview arranged right because 91 00:03:34,720 --> 00:03:31,549 the most important thing for us to do is 92 00:03:36,309 --> 00:03:34,730 to create our materials and try them out 93 00:03:39,569 --> 00:03:36,319 with select groups of teachers and 94 00:03:41,830 --> 00:03:39,579 students and then get feedback on 95 00:03:43,900 --> 00:03:41,840 whether they worked or how well they 96 00:03:45,189 --> 00:03:43,910 worked you know because if i go to if i 97 00:03:46,479 --> 00:03:45,199 do a teacher workshop and i tell 98 00:03:47,800 --> 00:03:46,489 teachers hey here's this really cool 99 00:03:49,689 --> 00:03:47,810 thing you can do in your classroom and 100 00:03:51,250 --> 00:03:49,699 then they get back to the classroom and 101 00:03:53,140 --> 00:03:51,260 say well it doesn't really quite work 102 00:03:54,939 --> 00:03:53,150 that way that's what gives us the 103 00:03:57,879 --> 00:03:54,949 feedback to help us help make sure it 104 00:04:00,400 --> 00:03:57,889 works now a lot of our old projects are 105 00:04:02,589 --> 00:04:00,410 being used in all 50 states we're 106 00:04:05,640 --> 00:04:02,599 actually recommended by something like 107 00:04:07,869 --> 00:04:05,650 25 or 30 State Department of Education 108 00:04:09,699 --> 00:04:07,879 right the Department of Education 109 00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:09,709 innings in these states are specifying 110 00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:13,190 here this is material you should use so 111 00:04:17,140 --> 00:04:14,780 we know some of our material is being 112 00:04:18,699 --> 00:04:17,150 used an awful lot and we're constantly 113 00:04:20,439 --> 00:04:18,709 creating some new stuff we have actually 114 00:04:23,620 --> 00:04:20,449 a lot of fun with some gravitational 115 00:04:25,029 --> 00:04:23,630 lensing stuff this summer good so if 116 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:25,039 you're a teacher watching this and you 117 00:04:29,689 --> 00:04:27,090 need some resources amazing that hyphens 118 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:29,699 a start Hubble cyborg is the place to go 119 00:04:35,150 --> 00:04:32,250 and as DCI that eating out sorry I 120 00:04:37,340 --> 00:04:35,160 apologize up ssed you and look around 121 00:04:40,070 --> 00:04:37,350 for there and also i will just plug a 122 00:04:42,409 --> 00:04:40,080 brief preview there we are talking about 123 00:04:44,689 --> 00:04:42,419 and perhaps doing hangouts in a 124 00:04:46,550 --> 00:04:44,699 classroom with Frank and Bonnie when 125 00:04:47,870 --> 00:04:46,560 maybe we're working on it so hopefully 126 00:04:49,969 --> 00:04:47,880 that might be something that comes in 127 00:04:52,280 --> 00:04:49,979 our future as well so right lots of 128 00:04:55,879 --> 00:04:52,290 educational materials available right 129 00:04:58,100 --> 00:04:55,889 and we will we will hope to be able to 130 00:04:59,960 --> 00:04:58,110 do educational hangouts develop a list 131 00:05:02,629 --> 00:04:59,970 of teachers who want to participate in 132 00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:02,639 hangouts like this and start doing 133 00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:04,650 hangouts especially as the Hubble's 25th 134 00:05:08,270 --> 00:05:06,690 anniversary comes up next year we want 135 00:05:11,180 --> 00:05:08,280 to try and do some you know how old 136 00:05:14,210 --> 00:05:11,190 teachings or something via hangouts or 137 00:05:15,260 --> 00:05:14,220 such great ok thanks Frank I wanted it 138 00:05:16,550 --> 00:05:15,270 just popped into my mind when you were 139 00:05:17,780 --> 00:05:16,560 talking about educational materials I 140 00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:17,790 wanted to just what I'd get the word out 141 00:05:21,260 --> 00:05:19,800 that we do have quite a bit available 142 00:05:23,930 --> 00:05:21,270 for teachers ok so what do you have for 143 00:05:26,330 --> 00:05:23,940 us this month ok so if we switch to the 144 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:26,340 PowerPoint it's news from Hubble and 145 00:05:32,779 --> 00:05:30,210 across the universe and up until this 146 00:05:34,580 --> 00:05:32,789 afternoon it was going to be only just 147 00:05:36,379 --> 00:05:34,590 across the solar system but then I 148 00:05:39,320 --> 00:05:36,389 realized oh wait a minute I hadn't there 149 00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:39,330 was a toss to story I had missed so our 150 00:05:47,060 --> 00:05:43,110 first story tonight c-spot watch Spot 151 00:05:49,279 --> 00:05:47,070 shrink shrink Spot shrink see talk about 152 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:49,289 education materials yes we can do 153 00:05:52,850 --> 00:05:51,210 educational materials now Tony you have 154 00:05:56,330 --> 00:05:52,860 to recognize of course we have a large 155 00:05:59,860 --> 00:05:56,340 international contingent and they won't 156 00:06:02,690 --> 00:05:59,870 get the joke what this is a book that 157 00:06:04,159 --> 00:06:02,700 people of mine I guess our generation 158 00:06:05,420 --> 00:06:04,169 Frank you actually both for our 159 00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:05,430 generation because these started being 160 00:06:09,830 --> 00:06:07,289 coming out in nineteen thirty I found 161 00:06:13,700 --> 00:06:09,840 out today but research this I feel old 162 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:13,710 okay from the 30s through the 60s into 163 00:06:19,219 --> 00:06:17,130 the 70s fun with Dick and Jane by two 164 00:06:22,339 --> 00:06:19,229 authors gray and sharp did these things 165 00:06:24,770 --> 00:06:22,349 and you can see in this this picture 166 00:06:26,420 --> 00:06:24,780 from the book they have a dog named spot 167 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:26,430 and they do all these you know basic 168 00:06:31,400 --> 00:06:28,770 easy reading stuff and you know spots a 169 00:06:34,580 --> 00:06:31,410 good dog right but i'm not sure spots a 170 00:06:37,550 --> 00:06:34,590 great spot I mean really what a great 171 00:06:40,570 --> 00:06:37,560 spot okay you need to go to astronomy 172 00:06:44,090 --> 00:06:40,580 and of course to the planet Jupiter 173 00:06:46,550 --> 00:06:44,100 okay is the Great Red Spot on Jupiter 174 00:06:48,860 --> 00:06:46,560 actually right below it is a white oval 175 00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:48,870 that's actually pretty good too but the 176 00:06:55,010 --> 00:06:51,420 Great Red Spot on Jupiter is an amazing 177 00:06:57,410 --> 00:06:55,020 storm that is just well how great is it 178 00:07:01,580 --> 00:06:57,420 well if i switch to the next slide 179 00:07:05,150 --> 00:07:01,590 there's earth to the same scale this is 180 00:07:09,260 --> 00:07:05,160 a storm that is the same size as our 181 00:07:12,350 --> 00:07:09,270 entire planet okay I mean they got a 182 00:07:16,040 --> 00:07:12,360 giant storms on Jupiter and not only 183 00:07:18,380 --> 00:07:16,050 that it's a long-lived storm okay this 184 00:07:21,470 --> 00:07:18,390 is an Assad I think it's technically an 185 00:07:23,330 --> 00:07:21,480 anticyclone because the way it rotates 186 00:07:25,760 --> 00:07:23,340 this is a giant storm that has been 187 00:07:27,740 --> 00:07:25,770 there for many years we have 188 00:07:31,250 --> 00:07:27,750 observations back to the eight late 189 00:07:34,640 --> 00:07:31,260 1800s here is an image from elder in 190 00:07:37,760 --> 00:07:34,650 1881 where you see that Great Red Spot 191 00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:37,770 we have continuous observations for at 192 00:07:43,460 --> 00:07:40,740 least a hundred and fifty years of this 193 00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:43,470 Great Red Spot on Jupiter but that's not 194 00:07:50,330 --> 00:07:47,100 it that's not all we actually have this 195 00:07:54,380 --> 00:07:50,340 image this next image here from Giovanni 196 00:07:56,930 --> 00:07:54,390 Cassini in 1677 I had to go to the 197 00:07:59,330 --> 00:07:56,940 French National Library the bibliothèque 198 00:08:01,610 --> 00:07:59,340 nationale de France and they had 199 00:08:05,290 --> 00:08:01,620 digitized their archives and the journal 200 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:05,300 de Sava in 1677 published this image of 201 00:08:10,790 --> 00:08:09,510 Jupiter by Cassini and that looks a lot 202 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:10,800 like the red spot to me I don't know 203 00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:13,170 what you think but yeah yeah yeah it 204 00:08:17,120 --> 00:08:15,600 looks very neatly on top of it sitting 205 00:08:20,090 --> 00:08:17,130 neatly on top of that band but yes I 206 00:08:22,010 --> 00:08:20,100 read by the same planet so we don't have 207 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:22,020 continuous operations but it might be 208 00:08:27,770 --> 00:08:24,530 that this is a storm that has lasted for 209 00:08:30,380 --> 00:08:27,780 350 years and of course Hubble has 210 00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:30,390 observed it Hubble has been up for 24 211 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:33,740 years now and this is a Hubble heritage 212 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:37,050 image of Jupiter's Great Red several 213 00:08:40,790 --> 00:08:38,250 several images of Jupiter's Great Red 214 00:08:42,770 --> 00:08:40,800 Spot over the 1990s okay this actually 215 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:42,780 doesn't even include the the 2000s in 216 00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:44,730 here this is just Hubble's first ten 217 00:08:50,630 --> 00:08:47,970 years of observing the red spot and if 218 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:50,640 you look at those images in detail you 219 00:08:53,700 --> 00:08:52,170 can see that the red spot is pretty 220 00:08:56,610 --> 00:08:53,710 constant it stay 221 00:08:58,770 --> 00:08:56,620 is roughly the same all right and so you 222 00:09:01,350 --> 00:08:58,780 know we've used to having the Great Red 223 00:09:05,970 --> 00:09:01,360 Spot around and being able to look at it 224 00:09:08,610 --> 00:09:05,980 and watch it continuously however the 225 00:09:10,500 --> 00:09:08,620 Red Spot has been slowly shrinking okay 226 00:09:11,790 --> 00:09:10,510 it has been shrinking over the decades 227 00:09:14,700 --> 00:09:11,800 when you compared to the other old 228 00:09:18,480 --> 00:09:14,710 observations right and even over 229 00:09:21,690 --> 00:09:18,490 Hubble's era it has been shrinking but 230 00:09:24,240 --> 00:09:21,700 that shrinking accelerated around the 231 00:09:26,820 --> 00:09:24,250 year two thousand nine or so so this 232 00:09:31,830 --> 00:09:26,830 image here has the Great Red Spot on the 233 00:09:33,720 --> 00:09:31,840 left as seen in april 2014 as well as 234 00:09:38,070 --> 00:09:33,730 these three images on the right that 235 00:09:41,430 --> 00:09:38,080 show the 1995 2009 and 2014 images all 236 00:09:43,860 --> 00:09:41,440 calibrated to be at the same scale and 237 00:09:45,390 --> 00:09:43,870 you can definitely see that it's you 238 00:09:47,820 --> 00:09:45,400 know it's got twenty thirty percent of 239 00:09:51,540 --> 00:09:47,830 it of its size seems to have gone away 240 00:09:53,690 --> 00:09:51,550 and that's really interesting okay 241 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:53,700 because this has been around for so long 242 00:09:58,890 --> 00:09:56,410 and it seems like it's a relatively 243 00:10:01,410 --> 00:09:58,900 constant feature but the size of it 244 00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:01,420 isn't constant and I wanted to include 245 00:10:06,810 --> 00:10:04,330 this next image here and my thanks go 246 00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:06,820 out to a guy named Astro Bob because he 247 00:10:15,990 --> 00:10:09,910 found these two images one is from a 248 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:16,000 book 1879 from clerk and it's a very 249 00:10:22,440 --> 00:10:19,450 very fuzzy image of the odor that's the 250 00:10:24,510 --> 00:10:22,450 photo Oh God 2408 1879 you couldn't do 251 00:10:27,380 --> 00:10:24,520 very good photos remember yeah because 252 00:10:30,480 --> 00:10:27,390 photography came about the 1850s 1860s 253 00:10:32,340 --> 00:10:30,490 and so this is pretty darn impressive 254 00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:32,350 though with those slow cameras and those 255 00:10:38,370 --> 00:10:35,470 glass plates and yeah and you can see 256 00:10:41,580 --> 00:10:38,380 that yellow it's fuzzy you can see that 257 00:10:44,010 --> 00:10:41,590 there is a big large blob there that's 258 00:10:46,380 --> 00:10:44,020 much much larger than a same size image 259 00:10:49,310 --> 00:10:46,390 from this year this is an image from 260 00:10:51,240 --> 00:10:49,320 Damien peach one of the great amateur 261 00:10:53,430 --> 00:10:51,250 astrophotographers he's in England I 262 00:10:57,810 --> 00:10:53,440 believe so you can see the amazing 263 00:10:59,520 --> 00:10:57,820 change in the Great Red Spot the kind of 264 00:11:02,340 --> 00:10:59,530 worrisome thing is is we don't actually 265 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:02,350 know why the size of the red spot is 266 00:11:07,560 --> 00:11:06,130 changing and when we if you read our 267 00:11:10,350 --> 00:11:07,570 press release we talk about 268 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:10,360 we say well you know it we know that 269 00:11:14,100 --> 00:11:11,890 this trend is happening but we don't 270 00:11:15,630 --> 00:11:14,110 have a really good reason for it but I 271 00:11:18,600 --> 00:11:15,640 wanted to throw out one thing for 272 00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:18,610 everybody just to think about it this is 273 00:11:23,940 --> 00:11:22,090 an infrared view of mo brat I love that 274 00:11:26,340 --> 00:11:23,950 this is this all right now this is a 275 00:11:28,110 --> 00:11:26,350 ground-based observation Tony okay this 276 00:11:30,990 --> 00:11:28,120 is from the Gemini telescope using 277 00:11:33,660 --> 00:11:31,000 adaptive optics okay and also probably 278 00:11:36,150 --> 00:11:33,670 also some sharpening masks applied in 279 00:11:38,460 --> 00:11:36,160 the processing of the image but isn't it 280 00:11:40,590 --> 00:11:38,470 cool of the Damned in topics are you 281 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:40,600 know red yeah and so let's talk about 282 00:11:45,690 --> 00:11:42,250 adaptive optics for just a little bit 283 00:11:47,370 --> 00:11:45,700 okay sure way of ground is its unique to 284 00:11:49,640 --> 00:11:47,380 ground-based telescopes as we all know 285 00:11:52,470 --> 00:11:49,650 what the atmosphere causes things to 286 00:11:54,540 --> 00:11:52,480 twinkle and and you know we were looking 287 00:11:56,280 --> 00:11:54,550 through this giant boiling atmosphere 288 00:11:59,160 --> 00:11:56,290 essentially at these magnifications and 289 00:11:59,910 --> 00:11:59,170 so what a ground-based telescopes try to 290 00:12:02,280 --> 00:11:59,920 do is they have these really 291 00:12:05,370 --> 00:12:02,290 sophisticated optical arrangements where 292 00:12:07,320 --> 00:12:05,380 they compensate for that and they cancel 293 00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:07,330 out whatever distortions maybe in the 294 00:12:11,940 --> 00:12:10,450 atmosphere so all right the guidestar 295 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:11,950 like a laser or something to kind of 296 00:12:14,850 --> 00:12:13,450 give them an idea what the wave front is 297 00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:14,860 and then by the time the photons get 298 00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:16,810 there they're able to actually correct 299 00:12:21,510 --> 00:12:19,060 the telescope renders that they're like 300 00:12:24,510 --> 00:12:21,520 measuring the atmospheric distortion 60 301 00:12:27,780 --> 00:12:24,520 to 120 times a second okay and then we 302 00:12:29,730 --> 00:12:27,790 can apply those those strikes this is to 303 00:12:32,130 --> 00:12:29,740 of usually have a primary mirror and a 304 00:12:34,470 --> 00:12:32,140 secondary mirror well the AO puts in a 305 00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:34,480 third mirror a tertiary mirror that 306 00:12:39,780 --> 00:12:36,610 actually is deformable and they can 307 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:39,790 deform that mirror in real time by 308 00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:42,330 measuring that laser guide star or a 309 00:12:47,430 --> 00:12:45,130 thing so that they can measure the 310 00:12:50,370 --> 00:12:47,440 distortion the atmosphere re correct for 311 00:12:52,680 --> 00:12:50,380 it and are able to do it really well in 312 00:12:54,480 --> 00:12:52,690 the infrared now unfortunately adaptive 313 00:12:57,060 --> 00:12:54,490 optics hasn't gotten down to being able 314 00:12:58,740 --> 00:12:57,070 to use visible light I think one 315 00:13:00,180 --> 00:12:58,750 prediction I saw said that will be able 316 00:13:03,720 --> 00:13:00,190 to do adaptive optics in visible light 317 00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:03,730 maybe by 2020 will get will get down to 318 00:13:08,550 --> 00:13:06,310 the red end but it's very hard because 319 00:13:11,460 --> 00:13:08,560 its wavelength dependent right yeah 320 00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:11,470 right you've got you know yes so I just 321 00:13:14,850 --> 00:13:12,850 wanted to point out that Hubble doesn't 322 00:13:16,950 --> 00:13:14,860 have to worry about this novel does not 323 00:13:19,140 --> 00:13:16,960 doesn't need it but it but ground-based 324 00:13:19,940 --> 00:13:19,150 observatories do okay but anyway so this 325 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:19,950 is a really 326 00:13:23,840 --> 00:13:21,450 cool ground-based image from Gemini 327 00:13:26,690 --> 00:13:23,850 using adaptive optics that looks in the 328 00:13:28,850 --> 00:13:26,700 infrared and the fact that it's really 329 00:13:32,390 --> 00:13:28,860 clear isn't the most important point but 330 00:13:35,150 --> 00:13:32,400 what is really bright in this image well 331 00:13:37,270 --> 00:13:35,160 it's the Great Red Spot and actually Red 332 00:13:41,030 --> 00:13:37,280 Spot junior which is just below it yeah 333 00:13:43,850 --> 00:13:41,040 folks remember Red Spot jr. is the first 334 00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:43,860 red spot we've ever seen form it formed 335 00:13:49,010 --> 00:13:46,410 in two thousand and three out of three 336 00:13:51,890 --> 00:13:49,020 white ovals three white ovals merged 337 00:13:53,990 --> 00:13:51,900 over like four or five years and then 338 00:13:56,690 --> 00:13:54,000 formed another red spot the first time 339 00:13:57,920 --> 00:13:56,700 we'd ever seen a red spot form but what 340 00:14:00,860 --> 00:13:57,930 you can see in this image is that 341 00:14:04,370 --> 00:14:00,870 there's a lot of infrared energy coming 342 00:14:07,790 --> 00:14:04,380 out of both a great red spot and red 343 00:14:11,990 --> 00:14:07,800 spot jr. so these are actually regions 344 00:14:14,840 --> 00:14:12,000 where energy is escaping from Jupiter so 345 00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:14,850 the perhaps the idea that red spot is 346 00:14:19,640 --> 00:14:18,000 shrinking indicate some sort of energy 347 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:19,650 change in how the energy is being 348 00:14:24,440 --> 00:14:21,710 released from the interior of Jupiter 349 00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:24,450 Jupiter actually gives off more infrared 350 00:14:29,060 --> 00:14:26,520 energy then it gets invisible light 351 00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:29,070 energy from the Sun so jus / is actually 352 00:14:33,820 --> 00:14:30,720 slow still slowly cooling four and a 353 00:14:36,260 --> 00:14:33,830 half billion years after it formed so 354 00:14:38,210 --> 00:14:36,270 that's about the only thing I can give 355 00:14:40,370 --> 00:14:38,220 you so there must be some sort of energy 356 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:40,380 balance that's changing within the 357 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:42,210 interior of Jupiter and that's changing 358 00:14:46,220 --> 00:14:44,880 on decades long timescales so that's 359 00:14:48,980 --> 00:14:46,230 kind of that's kind of cool that's much 360 00:14:50,660 --> 00:14:48,990 my one bit of intuition i can say into 361 00:14:53,090 --> 00:14:50,670 saying oh here's what a physicist thinks 362 00:14:56,150 --> 00:14:53,100 you know might be happening even though 363 00:14:58,250 --> 00:14:56,160 the truth is we don't actually know so 364 00:15:00,560 --> 00:14:58,260 yeah and i would just point out that you 365 00:15:03,170 --> 00:15:00,570 know these we had a hangout on this this 366 00:15:05,150 --> 00:15:03,180 this topic Oh a few weeks ago and they 367 00:15:07,550 --> 00:15:05,160 were one of the surprising things came 368 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:07,560 out of it was that there really isn't a 369 00:15:11,390 --> 00:15:09,330 lot known about the dynamics of these 370 00:15:13,430 --> 00:15:11,400 spots and what exactly is making them 371 00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:13,440 caught rotate in the first place so to 372 00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:14,880 be able to answer the question why is 373 00:15:18,980 --> 00:15:18,150 this ranking is even harder because we 374 00:15:20,870 --> 00:15:18,990 don't even know why it's there in the 375 00:15:22,070 --> 00:15:20,880 first place so at least there's not a 376 00:15:23,660 --> 00:15:22,080 lot of good explanations for why it's 377 00:15:24,830 --> 00:15:23,670 there in the first place in this image 378 00:15:29,330 --> 00:15:24,840 Frank do you know what's going on at the 379 00:15:30,710 --> 00:15:29,340 poles there I assume that's just that 380 00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:30,720 would be limb brightening as you're 381 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:33,930 looking through I think I'm thicker 382 00:15:37,610 --> 00:15:36,210 to the atmosphere and such okay all 383 00:15:39,769 --> 00:15:37,620 right I was right and there's also a 384 00:15:43,220 --> 00:15:39,779 little miss registration if you notice 385 00:15:44,690 --> 00:15:43,230 because they'll take one image in 11 386 00:15:46,730 --> 00:15:44,700 band-pass and other image in another 387 00:15:49,340 --> 00:15:46,740 band pass and Jupiter rotates in 10 388 00:15:51,079 --> 00:15:49,350 hours I'm sure you take an image for 389 00:15:54,260 --> 00:15:51,089 that one point and take another image 390 00:15:55,790 --> 00:15:54,270 you know half an hour or later juba will 391 00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:55,800 rotate it a little bit so there's always 392 00:16:00,920 --> 00:15:58,320 a slight miss registration of the cut 393 00:16:02,630 --> 00:16:00,930 the colors with Jupiter cool okay all 394 00:16:06,680 --> 00:16:02,640 right let's move on to our second story 395 00:16:13,100 --> 00:16:06,690 all right the HUD f version for like 396 00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:13,110 that Oh with Oh violet blue yeah I I 397 00:16:18,680 --> 00:16:16,250 have fun with this one because of all 398 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:18,690 these are amazing images okay let's 399 00:16:23,389 --> 00:16:19,890 let's go all the way back to the 400 00:16:27,079 --> 00:16:23,399 beginning okay yay yay the great Hubble 401 00:16:30,019 --> 00:16:27,089 Deep Field 1996 and I was at the 402 00:16:33,829 --> 00:16:30,029 double-a s meeting in i think it was 403 00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:33,839 austin texas when they released this one 404 00:16:37,610 --> 00:16:35,670 no San Antonio Texas when we released 405 00:16:39,680 --> 00:16:37,620 this and it was just jaw-dropping 406 00:16:42,290 --> 00:16:39,690 because we had never seen anything like 407 00:16:44,449 --> 00:16:42,300 this at the time okay deepest image 408 00:16:46,610 --> 00:16:44,459 visible item into the universe seeing 409 00:16:49,070 --> 00:16:46,620 more galaxies in that tinier galaxies 410 00:16:51,260 --> 00:16:49,080 and we didn't actually expect that such 411 00:16:55,370 --> 00:16:51,270 tiny galaxies would actually be visible 412 00:16:57,769 --> 00:16:55,380 with Hubble it was a unknown at the time 413 00:16:59,150 --> 00:16:57,779 so that was really clear list i wanted i 414 00:17:02,060 --> 00:16:59,160 want to press you on this for a minute 415 00:17:03,769 --> 00:17:02,070 because I've always told people that it 416 00:17:06,049 --> 00:17:03,779 was kind of risky taking this first 417 00:17:07,699 --> 00:17:06,059 picture because you know Hubble time is 418 00:17:09,650 --> 00:17:07,709 expensive people wanted to point it at 419 00:17:11,210 --> 00:17:09,660 nothing was it really what was it was 420 00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:11,220 there any controversy about that and 421 00:17:15,530 --> 00:17:13,230 where there really any apprehensions 422 00:17:18,410 --> 00:17:15,540 about it returning up just a blank 423 00:17:20,150 --> 00:17:18,420 nothing well alright we knew it would 424 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:20,160 return a few hundred galaxies right 425 00:17:24,199 --> 00:17:22,890 because there are the galaxies to a 426 00:17:27,500 --> 00:17:24,209 certain distance in the universe are 427 00:17:29,360 --> 00:17:27,510 certain of certain of size but the main 428 00:17:32,890 --> 00:17:29,370 question because you're looking out into 429 00:17:35,990 --> 00:17:32,900 space and also looking back into time is 430 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:36,000 how do galaxies develop how quickly do 431 00:17:41,570 --> 00:17:38,970 they develop if you looked 8 billion 432 00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:41,580 light years into the into the past with 433 00:17:46,460 --> 00:17:43,440 their actually be galaxies of enough 434 00:17:47,360 --> 00:17:46,470 size that you Hubble could see them know 435 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:47,370 Iraq then 436 00:17:51,650 --> 00:17:49,530 too dim to fame we didn't know that we 437 00:17:54,290 --> 00:17:51,660 didn't know back then whether they be 438 00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:54,300 too small to faint it's we had 439 00:18:00,770 --> 00:17:56,970 relatively poor understanding of the 440 00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:00,780 formation of galaxies so that the as you 441 00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:02,280 go out into space it's not just that 442 00:18:05,390 --> 00:18:03,510 fact that they're getting smaller 443 00:18:07,490 --> 00:18:05,400 actually after a certain redshift they 444 00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:07,500 stop getting smaller due to the warping 445 00:18:14,060 --> 00:18:10,740 do the cosmo cosmo cosmology and and the 446 00:18:16,760 --> 00:18:14,070 expansion of the universe but as you go 447 00:18:18,830 --> 00:18:16,770 further out Howard did they develop how 448 00:18:21,710 --> 00:18:18,840 big to the how big did they get and how 449 00:18:24,410 --> 00:18:21,720 quickly and a lot of the hypotheses 450 00:18:26,810 --> 00:18:24,420 based upon our computer models at the 451 00:18:28,760 --> 00:18:26,820 time said you know they're gonna they 452 00:18:30,350 --> 00:18:28,770 are going to be bright enough there can 453 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:30,360 be too small and too faint and you won't 454 00:18:35,290 --> 00:18:32,730 see them and Bob Williams you know sort 455 00:18:38,060 --> 00:18:35,300 of you know risked his position as the 456 00:18:40,820 --> 00:18:38,070 he was the director of the Institute at 457 00:18:44,930 --> 00:18:40,830 the time and he it was quite a gamble 458 00:18:48,290 --> 00:18:44,940 but it paid off like like crazy um all 459 00:18:50,390 --> 00:18:48,300 right and it was a story so just be 460 00:18:53,090 --> 00:18:50,400 clear also this is not the same area of 461 00:18:54,740 --> 00:18:53,100 the sky as the second be field it was it 462 00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:54,750 now this is the what we could actually 463 00:18:58,430 --> 00:18:56,880 this is the first one called the Hubble 464 00:19:00,740 --> 00:18:58,440 Deep Field and then it caught we call 465 00:19:02,510 --> 00:19:00,750 the Hubble Deep Field north ok and then 466 00:19:03,770 --> 00:19:02,520 we also did the Hubble Deep Field south 467 00:19:06,049 --> 00:19:03,780 once the Hubble Deep Field North 468 00:19:07,940 --> 00:19:06,059 produced great results they said ok 469 00:19:10,430 --> 00:19:07,950 let's try it again in a southern part of 470 00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:10,440 the sky to try and say hey is it does it 471 00:19:13,880 --> 00:19:12,240 look the same in two different places in 472 00:19:17,360 --> 00:19:13,890 the sky and they did they got the same 473 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:17,370 result a similar image like this this is 474 00:19:22,010 --> 00:19:19,410 the famous one because it was first but 475 00:19:24,320 --> 00:19:22,020 there's also a second one and then the 476 00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:24,330 area near the Big Dipper correct yeah 477 00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:27,210 this one's just off the off the handle 478 00:19:31,370 --> 00:19:30,090 of the Big Dipper and so this is as good 479 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:31,380 as you could do with wide field 480 00:19:35,090 --> 00:19:33,450 planetary camera 2 and so you can see 481 00:19:37,490 --> 00:19:35,100 that the characteristic Chevron shape 482 00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:37,500 and so in two thousand when we had the 483 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:40,470 servicing mission three be a jacket you 484 00:19:47,060 --> 00:19:43,970 and me guys I asked the Jag jagged ok 485 00:19:48,590 --> 00:19:47,070 the jagged shape there when we got a new 486 00:19:51,830 --> 00:19:48,600 camera on how all the advanced camera 487 00:19:53,780 --> 00:19:51,840 surveys the next director Steve Beckwith 488 00:19:57,320 --> 00:19:53,790 said ok we got to repeat the D field 489 00:20:00,230 --> 00:19:57,330 experiment and in 2004 we got this image 490 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:00,240 the Hubble Ultra Deep Field because you 491 00:20:03,850 --> 00:20:01,250 can't just call it a 492 00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:03,860 field it's now ultra d that's right i 493 00:20:11,620 --> 00:20:08,240 think one omega by now and so the the 494 00:20:14,980 --> 00:20:11,630 HUD f as we like to call it was taken in 495 00:20:16,450 --> 00:20:14,990 2003 and released in 2004 and whereas 496 00:20:18,490 --> 00:20:16,460 the hdf did about three thousand 497 00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:18,500 galaxies this one has about 10,000 498 00:20:23,740 --> 00:20:21,110 galaxies in it and again pressing 499 00:20:27,190 --> 00:20:23,750 further out into space farther back into 500 00:20:30,790 --> 00:20:27,200 time seeing the the very small very 501 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:30,800 distant galaxies and it also acs had 502 00:20:37,330 --> 00:20:33,530 more sensitivity in the infrared then 503 00:20:40,390 --> 00:20:37,340 why field planetary camera 2 so because 504 00:20:42,250 --> 00:20:40,400 as light crosses space the light gets 505 00:20:44,740 --> 00:20:42,260 stretched with the expansion of space 506 00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:44,750 the light from distant galaxies actually 507 00:20:48,670 --> 00:20:46,310 gets stretched towards the red end of 508 00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:48,680 the spectrum okay and actually can go 509 00:20:52,930 --> 00:20:51,050 from visible light into infrared light 510 00:20:56,080 --> 00:20:52,940 so to see the really distant galaxies 511 00:20:59,260 --> 00:20:56,090 you want to do the infrared better well 512 00:21:01,780 --> 00:20:59,270 ACS was good at the infrared but wide 513 00:21:03,220 --> 00:21:01,790 field camera 3 was even better the 514 00:21:04,870 --> 00:21:03,230 infrared because that had a few more 515 00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:04,880 years of technology development and 516 00:21:09,250 --> 00:21:06,830 optical coating development and infrared 517 00:21:12,490 --> 00:21:09,260 detector development and so why field 518 00:21:14,530 --> 00:21:12,500 camera 3 was installed in 2009 so of 519 00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:14,540 course we redid this field and this is 520 00:21:17,890 --> 00:21:16,310 actually the same field well actually 521 00:21:20,140 --> 00:21:17,900 it's a smaller part of it because the 522 00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:20,150 infrared camera has a smaller field of 523 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:22,610 view so this red box shows you the 524 00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:23,930 smaller field of view of the infrared 525 00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:28,010 camera and then in 2009 very end of 2009 526 00:21:35,380 --> 00:21:29,900 december two thousand nine rereleased 527 00:21:37,420 --> 00:21:35,390 this image the HUD f ir ok so the Ultra 528 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:37,430 Deep Field augmented by infrared 529 00:21:43,120 --> 00:21:39,290 observations with wide field camera 3 530 00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:43,130 and again here the the differences 531 00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:44,810 aren't quite as strong as they were 532 00:21:49,990 --> 00:21:47,510 between the Deep Field and the Ultra 533 00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:50,000 Deep Field simply because you know 534 00:21:54,550 --> 00:21:51,770 you're just authentic the infrared and 535 00:21:57,610 --> 00:21:54,560 you're really pushing the tiny galaxies 536 00:22:01,420 --> 00:21:57,620 so on the gross characteristics it looks 537 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:01,430 roughly the same but it's the important 538 00:22:04,990 --> 00:22:03,290 points are all in the details seeing 539 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:05,000 galaxies that you couldn't see any 540 00:22:08,650 --> 00:22:06,650 further also the difference between the 541 00:22:10,510 --> 00:22:08,660 two thousand four in the 2009 eltra d 542 00:22:12,850 --> 00:22:10,520 fields would be more galaxies right 543 00:22:14,860 --> 00:22:12,860 because you've got more sensitivity but 544 00:22:17,410 --> 00:22:14,870 just a bit more galaxies not 545 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:17,420 no maybe five ten percent more galaxies 546 00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:19,610 not double when you went on three 547 00:22:22,570 --> 00:22:21,110 thousand to ten thousand year you 548 00:22:25,720 --> 00:22:22,580 tripled the number of galaxies yeah 549 00:22:28,480 --> 00:22:25,730 you're only increasing it by a few by a 550 00:22:30,490 --> 00:22:28,490 few percent and actually we did even 551 00:22:33,549 --> 00:22:30,500 more infrared observations over the next 552 00:22:37,590 --> 00:22:33,559 couple years and so we didn't actually 553 00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:37,600 release this as a thing but the HUD f ir 554 00:22:43,450 --> 00:22:41,030 2011 you can consider you know version 555 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:43,460 2.1 of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 556 00:22:50,950 --> 00:22:45,770 because this is just adding more and 557 00:22:52,450 --> 00:22:50,960 more observations then in 2012 one of 558 00:22:54,190 --> 00:22:52,460 the researchers said hey wait a minute 559 00:22:56,110 --> 00:22:54,200 there's been a lot of other observations 560 00:22:59,260 --> 00:22:56,120 that weren't done for the ultra deep 561 00:23:00,610 --> 00:22:59,270 field campaign and other campaigns that 562 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:00,620 have been done for lots of various 563 00:23:05,290 --> 00:23:02,690 campaigns so he said let's go back 564 00:23:06,669 --> 00:23:05,300 through all of the various observations 565 00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:06,679 in the archive let's pull them all 566 00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:09,440 together alright and then they released 567 00:23:14,230 --> 00:23:12,770 another version in 2012 all right and if 568 00:23:15,730 --> 00:23:14,240 I blink back and forth i'm going to go 569 00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:15,740 back and forth very slowly i'm going to 570 00:23:23,820 --> 00:23:19,840 go back to the 2011 and then the 2012 571 00:23:29,020 --> 00:23:23,830 and then i'll go back to the 2011 and 572 00:23:31,990 --> 00:23:29,030 then the 2012 ok binkley redder in the 573 00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:32,000 2012 one yeah and that's possible that's 574 00:23:35,980 --> 00:23:34,490 also a little bit of the image 575 00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:35,990 processing might have chosen slightly 576 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:39,170 different different color because we're 577 00:23:42,850 --> 00:23:40,970 taking different bands and applying 578 00:23:44,950 --> 00:23:42,860 different colors to them it's a little 579 00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:44,960 cleaner in 2012 this one was really 580 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:46,970 cleaned up and carefully and so the 581 00:23:51,580 --> 00:23:49,010 noise is suppressed and it's a cleaner 582 00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:51,590 image but it's not a distinctly strongly 583 00:24:00,280 --> 00:23:55,580 distinguish however ax is what now X is 584 00:24:02,860 --> 00:24:00,290 now ok however they wanted the the P the 585 00:24:04,990 --> 00:24:02,870 P I wanted to make it sound incredible 586 00:24:09,490 --> 00:24:05,000 so it's now you want to call it the 587 00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:09,500 extreme deep field 630 I was one who 588 00:24:14,919 --> 00:24:11,150 said fly plane come on this is a test 589 00:24:16,990 --> 00:24:14,929 HUD f version 3 come on guys well all 590 00:24:18,250 --> 00:24:17,000 sure doing is just taking the IR and 591 00:24:20,169 --> 00:24:18,260 something you're just compiling it 592 00:24:21,730 --> 00:24:20,179 together all right but you know hey he 593 00:24:25,780 --> 00:24:21,740 went out he got to call it the extreme 594 00:24:27,280 --> 00:24:25,790 deep field so the H XD f here mom I'm 595 00:24:28,330 --> 00:24:27,290 going to call it what it is HUD f 596 00:24:30,610 --> 00:24:28,340 version 3 597 00:24:32,799 --> 00:24:30,620 so throughout all this there's only been 598 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:32,809 one thing really missing right and 599 00:24:37,060 --> 00:24:34,850 that's that we've gone to longer 600 00:24:40,899 --> 00:24:37,070 wavelengths but not to shorter 601 00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:40,909 wavelengths okay so a wide field camera 602 00:24:46,990 --> 00:24:43,850 3 also when it was installed in 2009 603 00:24:49,269 --> 00:24:47,000 improved our infrared capability but 604 00:24:54,180 --> 00:24:49,279 also improved our ultra violet 605 00:24:57,730 --> 00:24:54,190 capability and so in 2014 we added in 606 00:25:01,350 --> 00:24:57,740 extra images taken in the ultraviolet 607 00:25:06,940 --> 00:25:01,360 and so now we have the HUD f 2014 608 00:25:09,580 --> 00:25:06,950 version for now with ultraviolet and 609 00:25:14,919 --> 00:25:09,590 again if I pop back and forth i go back 610 00:25:18,010 --> 00:25:14,929 to 2012 to 2014 you can see that there 611 00:25:20,680 --> 00:25:18,020 is a distinct number of extra small blue 612 00:25:22,029 --> 00:25:20,690 things right yeah one of those so what 613 00:25:23,919 --> 00:25:22,039 are the characteristics of what are we 614 00:25:25,659 --> 00:25:23,929 saying now an ultra violet that we 615 00:25:27,850 --> 00:25:25,669 couldn't see alright so what you're 616 00:25:31,299 --> 00:25:27,860 going to see in ultraviolet is the in 617 00:25:32,769 --> 00:25:31,309 the star-forming regions okay with the 618 00:25:35,409 --> 00:25:32,779 only galaxies themselves right within 619 00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:35,419 the galaxies the star forage only the 620 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:38,330 biggest and brightest stars emit much 621 00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:40,610 ultraviolet okay stars like our Sun 622 00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:42,380 although we think it's a lot of 623 00:25:46,330 --> 00:25:43,850 ultraviolet and especially those of us 624 00:25:48,159 --> 00:25:46,340 who sunburn easily we think it's a lot 625 00:25:50,919 --> 00:25:48,169 of ultraviolet it really isn't on a 626 00:25:54,130 --> 00:25:50,929 cosmic scale and so the really massive 627 00:25:55,779 --> 00:25:54,140 stars the ones that only live for 10 50 628 00:25:59,980 --> 00:25:55,789 million years are the ones that produce 629 00:26:02,529 --> 00:25:59,990 a lot of ultraviolet so that those are 630 00:26:04,690 --> 00:26:02,539 the stars those that only exists in the 631 00:26:07,120 --> 00:26:04,700 star-forming regions so if you're seeing 632 00:26:09,549 --> 00:26:07,130 ultraviolet from a galaxy you're 633 00:26:12,580 --> 00:26:09,559 generally seeing just the star-forming 634 00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:12,590 regions okay and oftentimes if you're 635 00:26:16,210 --> 00:26:14,690 seeing that at really high redshift well 636 00:26:18,430 --> 00:26:16,220 then that ultraviolet lights get shifted 637 00:26:20,289 --> 00:26:18,440 to visible light and it doesn't show up 638 00:26:21,970 --> 00:26:20,299 in the ultraviolet so you're seeing the 639 00:26:24,789 --> 00:26:21,980 star-forming regions and generally the 640 00:26:26,230 --> 00:26:24,799 nearer star forming regions because the 641 00:26:27,970 --> 00:26:26,240 more distant star forming regions would 642 00:26:31,060 --> 00:26:27,980 actually get pushed into the visible 643 00:26:32,799 --> 00:26:31,070 light so you're seeing you're completing 644 00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:32,809 a census and the nearby things 645 00:26:38,680 --> 00:26:35,090 understanding star formation so you'll 646 00:26:41,710 --> 00:26:38,690 get a better handle on star formation by 647 00:26:43,330 --> 00:26:41,720 having the ultraviolet in this image now 648 00:26:45,760 --> 00:26:43,340 I wish I could give you a scientific 649 00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:45,770 result about this but there wasn't any 650 00:26:50,169 --> 00:26:48,020 in the press release the press release 651 00:26:52,380 --> 00:26:50,179 basically said hey cool we now have a 652 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:52,390 pan chromatic Ultra Deep Field 653 00:26:58,000 --> 00:26:56,090 ultraviolet visible infrared we've got 654 00:27:00,100 --> 00:26:58,010 all three wave bands covered as much as 655 00:27:02,520 --> 00:27:00,110 public and covered this is you know the 656 00:27:06,070 --> 00:27:02,530 ps2 resistance of the ultra deep field 657 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:06,080 of course until a few more observations 658 00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:08,570 are added and we call have version 5 in 659 00:27:12,730 --> 00:27:11,330 2 2016 or something like that yes I 660 00:27:15,159 --> 00:27:12,740 sound like you're saying we did it 661 00:27:16,779 --> 00:27:15,169 because we could when we just wanted to 662 00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:16,789 fill in one more piece of the puzzle to 663 00:27:21,970 --> 00:27:19,520 one of the most studied regions of the 664 00:27:23,799 --> 00:27:21,980 sky by Hubble Space tells well we've got 665 00:27:26,770 --> 00:27:23,809 so much information about these galaxies 666 00:27:28,810 --> 00:27:26,780 at the longer wavelengths adding in the 667 00:27:31,360 --> 00:27:28,820 shorter wavelength regions will give us 668 00:27:33,520 --> 00:27:31,370 a bigger a clearer picture so what I 669 00:27:35,020 --> 00:27:33,530 really liked was then I took all of them 670 00:27:39,270 --> 00:27:35,030 together well actually helps our way out 671 00:27:42,279 --> 00:27:39,280 here um listen up and didn't post 672 00:27:43,779 --> 00:27:42,289 responded I just wanted to I included 673 00:27:46,630 --> 00:27:43,789 this just to say that you know even 674 00:27:48,639 --> 00:27:46,640 though ninety ninety percent of the data 675 00:27:50,980 --> 00:27:48,649 had already been released when you 676 00:27:53,169 --> 00:27:50,990 release a new image like this and the 677 00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:53,179 the mass media press gets ahold of it 678 00:27:58,210 --> 00:27:55,730 they can still react in in strong ways 679 00:28:00,190 --> 00:27:58,220 because these are just gorgeous images 680 00:28:02,529 --> 00:28:00,200 and so seeing them over and over again 681 00:28:05,139 --> 00:28:02,539 you still react and say wow what an 682 00:28:06,899 --> 00:28:05,149 amazing view of the universe seeing to 683 00:28:09,899 --> 00:28:06,909 that you know the depths of the universe 684 00:28:13,029 --> 00:28:09,909 but what I liked was this image here 685 00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:13,039 where I put them all together so upper 686 00:28:21,879 --> 00:28:16,490 left is 2004 H the original HUD f upper 687 00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:21,889 right is a 2009 adding the IR lower left 688 00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:27,710 is 2012 the HUD f I the albums are the 689 00:28:34,149 --> 00:28:29,840 extreme deep field and the lower right 690 00:28:36,610 --> 00:28:34,159 is the multi the panchromatic HUD f 2014 691 00:28:38,260 --> 00:28:36,620 and so you can see when you put the four 692 00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:38,270 of them together that you're just adding 693 00:28:44,470 --> 00:28:40,510 more and more data more and more 694 00:28:46,180 --> 00:28:44,480 signal-to-noise you're adding in Abel's 695 00:28:48,370 --> 00:28:46,190 you to just a little bit better science 696 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:48,380 with each generation of it I think it 697 00:28:52,930 --> 00:28:50,570 also shows that the science is a 698 00:28:54,730 --> 00:28:52,940 progressive attack on a problem you 699 00:28:55,660 --> 00:28:54,740 don't get the answer you don't get all 700 00:28:58,150 --> 00:28:55,670 the answers the first 701 00:29:00,040 --> 00:28:58,160 time yeah the HUD f is probably still 702 00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:00,050 one of the most if not the most 703 00:29:05,290 --> 00:29:02,110 important images Hubble has ever taken 704 00:29:08,140 --> 00:29:05,300 but we can still add to it and augment 705 00:29:10,210 --> 00:29:08,150 it with subsequent observations and 706 00:29:12,070 --> 00:29:10,220 still learn more so that the 707 00:29:14,140 --> 00:29:12,080 progressiveness of science I think comes 708 00:29:15,520 --> 00:29:14,150 out in these four images I agree and I 709 00:29:17,590 --> 00:29:15,530 and i'd be interested i can't wait to 710 00:29:19,780 --> 00:29:17,600 see the for the astronomers who were 711 00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:19,790 studying star forming regions and 712 00:29:23,950 --> 00:29:21,710 galaxies especially in early galaxies 713 00:29:26,710 --> 00:29:23,960 what they can do with this result or 714 00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:26,720 with it with this UV image so keep our 715 00:29:31,870 --> 00:29:29,210 eyes out for that too and it's not too 716 00:29:34,780 --> 00:29:31,880 early to say hey look forward to 20 19 717 00:29:36,940 --> 00:29:34,790 when we have JD Wisty out there and we 718 00:29:38,740 --> 00:29:36,950 can really add to the the infrared and 719 00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:38,750 then AJ misty will have similar 720 00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:40,610 resolution the Hubble and really go into 721 00:29:45,040 --> 00:29:41,930 the infrared and then we'll have yet 722 00:29:48,130 --> 00:29:45,050 another really even wider wavelength 723 00:29:49,030 --> 00:29:48,140 region in about 20 19 deep infrared so 724 00:29:50,650 --> 00:29:49,040 you think they're going to look at the 725 00:29:52,660 --> 00:29:50,660 spot too with all with the most 726 00:29:55,060 --> 00:29:52,670 definitely absolutely i think we've 727 00:29:57,880 --> 00:29:55,070 invested so much a scientific effort 728 00:30:01,840 --> 00:29:57,890 into this spot on the sky that it would 729 00:30:03,130 --> 00:30:01,850 be silly not to just do i sound like 730 00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:03,140 you're about to wrap this up but before 731 00:30:06,790 --> 00:30:04,610 we leave it can we say a few words about 732 00:30:10,110 --> 00:30:06,800 this area this guy and why it's 733 00:30:12,610 --> 00:30:10,120 important why was it why is this such 734 00:30:15,880 --> 00:30:12,620 why are we looking at this spot so much 735 00:30:19,330 --> 00:30:15,890 ok so this spot which is actually in the 736 00:30:21,550 --> 00:30:19,340 constellation Fornax if you go to Orion 737 00:30:24,520 --> 00:30:21,560 on the sky and head south past the 738 00:30:27,190 --> 00:30:24,530 constellation of air Donna's and just 739 00:30:30,880 --> 00:30:27,200 between air Adonis and Fornax is a 740 00:30:34,090 --> 00:30:30,890 nothing spot on this guy did you see the 741 00:30:36,580 --> 00:30:34,100 lego movie Tony no okay so does the 742 00:30:39,370 --> 00:30:36,590 state the hero the lego movie is so 743 00:30:42,970 --> 00:30:39,380 bloody ordinary that he has nothing 744 00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:42,980 special about him okay um and that's 745 00:30:47,380 --> 00:30:45,710 part of what makes in the hero right is 746 00:30:49,990 --> 00:30:47,390 that he's just totally absolutely 747 00:30:53,140 --> 00:30:50,000 ordinary well this spot in the sky is 748 00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:53,150 totally boring right there are no near 749 00:30:57,700 --> 00:30:55,130 right near nearby bright stars there are 750 00:31:00,270 --> 00:30:57,710 no nearby bright galaxies we tried to 751 00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:00,280 find something with very little 752 00:31:04,420 --> 00:31:03,140 obscuration of nearby stuff remember 753 00:31:05,740 --> 00:31:04,430 we're looking out for the stars of our 754 00:31:07,780 --> 00:31:05,750 galaxy we're looking out through the gas 755 00:31:09,550 --> 00:31:07,790 and dust of our galaxy looking out 756 00:31:11,470 --> 00:31:09,560 through our local Group of galaxies and 757 00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:11,480 cluster of galaxies supercluster of 758 00:31:14,740 --> 00:31:13,130 galaxies we're trying to make sure that 759 00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:14,750 we're looking at a spaten sky that isn't 760 00:31:21,250 --> 00:31:17,510 obscured by much of that at all in 761 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:21,260 particular the the infrared obscuration 762 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:23,930 due to gas and dust that's very faint 763 00:31:27,150 --> 00:31:25,730 that you wouldn't actually normally 764 00:31:29,740 --> 00:31:27,160 notice with visible-light observations 765 00:31:31,630 --> 00:31:29,750 so they went through lots and lots of 766 00:31:34,720 --> 00:31:31,640 different sky surveys to try and say 767 00:31:37,140 --> 00:31:34,730 what we're in the sky can we point so 768 00:31:40,660 --> 00:31:37,150 that we have as little as possible 769 00:31:43,870 --> 00:31:40,670 obscuring us that's nearby and so this 770 00:31:46,540 --> 00:31:43,880 is our mr. a dredge mr. ordinary boring 771 00:31:47,830 --> 00:31:46,550 nothing spot on the sky well and I 772 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:47,840 wanted to make that point because I 773 00:31:51,640 --> 00:31:49,370 don't think a lot of people realize that 774 00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:51,650 that's the case and while we're on the 775 00:31:56,680 --> 00:31:53,510 topic before we switch out Hugo Burnham 776 00:31:58,480 --> 00:31:56,690 has a comment here in the Q&A app that 777 00:31:59,980 --> 00:31:58,490 basically goes as a matter of areas that 778 00:32:02,860 --> 00:31:59,990 he's asking as a matter of interest 779 00:32:05,290 --> 00:32:02,870 Frank how long would it take for HST to 780 00:32:08,260 --> 00:32:05,300 image the entire sky at the detail and 781 00:32:13,270 --> 00:32:08,270 resolution of the original Hubble Deep 782 00:32:16,270 --> 00:32:13,280 Field ok so the good question the Hubble 783 00:32:18,220 --> 00:32:16,280 Deep Field was like seven days right the 784 00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:18,230 Hubble Ultra Deep Field was around 11 785 00:32:22,840 --> 00:32:20,960 days of exposure time all right so i 786 00:32:25,030 --> 00:32:22,850 have a have just it just happened to 787 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:25,040 have off the top of my head the numbers 788 00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:27,610 for the ultra deep field okay because 789 00:32:34,510 --> 00:32:29,750 when you look at this is such a small 790 00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:34,520 patch in the sky Hubble can look at the 791 00:32:42,190 --> 00:32:38,090 sky 12 million seven hundred and sixty 792 00:32:45,250 --> 00:32:42,200 four thousand times at this scale and 793 00:32:48,430 --> 00:32:45,260 never look at the same place twice there 794 00:32:51,730 --> 00:32:48,440 are more than 12 million matches on the 795 00:32:54,820 --> 00:32:51,740 sky the same size as the Hubble Ultra 796 00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:54,830 Deep Field so if we wanted to count 797 00:32:58,510 --> 00:32:56,510 every galaxy in the universe out there 798 00:33:00,700 --> 00:32:58,520 by looking to the depth of the Hubble 799 00:33:04,810 --> 00:33:00,710 Ultra Deep Field it would be 11 days 800 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:04,820 times 12.7 million which is longer than 801 00:33:09,820 --> 00:33:07,610 I think we have left with Hubble angry 802 00:33:11,230 --> 00:33:09,830 and it also could include all the stuff 803 00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:11,240 that's going to get in the way so their 804 00:33:17,170 --> 00:33:13,970 own gala good question thanks you girls 805 00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:17,180 good ok ok Frank go ahead now for our 806 00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:19,850 third story and one that I probably went 807 00:33:24,419 --> 00:33:21,850 a little overboard with so how 808 00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:24,429 I gotta come to this one moving to Pluto 809 00:33:30,570 --> 00:33:28,630 and beyond but when I started doing this 810 00:33:31,770 --> 00:33:30,580 I said look you know what we got to 811 00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:31,780 start at the beginning we got to really 812 00:33:36,510 --> 00:33:34,330 understand what we're getting in for 813 00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:36,520 because the New Horizons mission is one 814 00:33:39,870 --> 00:33:38,110 year out it's going to be going to get 815 00:33:42,659 --> 00:33:39,880 us some fantastic stuff but let's go 816 00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:42,669 back to the beginning okay so if we go 817 00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:45,130 back to the very beginning these are the 818 00:33:49,470 --> 00:33:46,870 images from the Lowell Observatory in 819 00:33:52,110 --> 00:33:49,480 Flagstaff Arizona where Clyde Tombaugh 820 00:33:56,370 --> 00:33:52,120 discovered Pluto yeah I only had little 821 00:33:58,110 --> 00:33:56,380 little white arrows we have barrels in 822 00:33:59,850 --> 00:33:58,120 just because you know this is going out 823 00:34:01,860 --> 00:33:59,860 over the web you know you can't 824 00:34:03,390 --> 00:34:01,870 necessarily see it and you may be able 825 00:34:04,799 --> 00:34:03,400 to see the big red arrows and still not 826 00:34:07,799 --> 00:34:04,809 be able to see the dot that's Pluto 827 00:34:09,780 --> 00:34:07,809 they're okay and it's just absolutely 828 00:34:11,250 --> 00:34:09,790 amazing it's always flabbergasting to 829 00:34:13,470 --> 00:34:11,260 look at this and go clyde tombaugh 830 00:34:15,659 --> 00:34:13,480 noticed a spot that was here one week 831 00:34:18,510 --> 00:34:15,669 and there the next week he was blinking 832 00:34:21,570 --> 00:34:18,520 back and forth between the images the 833 00:34:23,730 --> 00:34:21,580 guy was an incredible observer okay all 834 00:34:27,869 --> 00:34:23,740 kudos did clyde tombaugh for being able 835 00:34:30,090 --> 00:34:27,879 to discover this okay and then after 836 00:34:34,590 --> 00:34:30,100 that well the next major thing happens 837 00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:34,600 in 1978 well this on the left is the 838 00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:37,530 discovery image of Pluto's moon Charon 839 00:34:43,530 --> 00:34:41,050 okay and the reason it's a discovery 840 00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:43,540 image is because well it's the Hunchback 841 00:34:48,119 --> 00:34:45,760 of the solar system you've noticed that 842 00:34:50,669 --> 00:34:48,129 there's a little lump on one side of it 843 00:34:53,879 --> 00:34:50,679 instead of it being circular well James 844 00:34:55,740 --> 00:34:53,889 Christian eyval Observatory was looking 845 00:34:57,990 --> 00:34:55,750 at Pluto and he noticed a couple images 846 00:34:59,880 --> 00:34:58,000 where there were humps on on Pluto and 847 00:35:01,710 --> 00:34:59,890 he checked all the stars around it made 848 00:35:03,030 --> 00:35:01,720 sure they were circle circles and he 849 00:35:04,650 --> 00:35:03,040 checked two other images of Pluto's and 850 00:35:06,390 --> 00:35:04,660 made sure those were circles he said 851 00:35:09,359 --> 00:35:06,400 okay well that means there must be 852 00:35:10,910 --> 00:35:09,369 another object there okay he they 853 00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:10,920 weren't able to confirm it until 854 00:35:15,960 --> 00:35:13,270 nineteen eighty-five in terms of 855 00:35:18,270 --> 00:35:15,970 actually measuring the distance of Pluto 856 00:35:20,099 --> 00:35:18,280 and Charon and by the way they were able 857 00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:20,109 to sense Pluto and Charon occulted each 858 00:35:25,430 --> 00:35:21,970 other they were able to get both sizes 859 00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:25,440 relative sizes and distances for it and 860 00:35:31,859 --> 00:35:28,930 get masses of Pluto and Charon there but 861 00:35:35,340 --> 00:35:31,869 that is the that's the amazing image 862 00:35:38,490 --> 00:35:35,350 that got us the discovery of Karen okay 863 00:35:40,710 --> 00:35:38,500 well Hubble launched in 1990 at the time 864 00:35:43,050 --> 00:35:40,720 in 1990 upper left you can see a 865 00:35:45,150 --> 00:35:43,060 ground-based image of Pluto and Charon 866 00:35:47,150 --> 00:35:45,160 so they got a little better by then you 867 00:35:51,720 --> 00:35:47,160 can see we were using digital imagery of 868 00:35:55,590 --> 00:35:51,730 an improvement from 1978 but Hubble in 869 00:35:57,120 --> 00:35:55,600 1990 even with the flaw uncorrect it ok 870 00:35:59,210 --> 00:35:57,130 this is with the flaw in the mirror that 871 00:36:01,520 --> 00:35:59,220 hasn't been corrected you can see boom 872 00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:01,530 Hubble's view from above the atmosphere 873 00:36:06,960 --> 00:36:05,200 gets you Pluto and Charon much cleanly 874 00:36:08,550 --> 00:36:06,970 separated all right you can see that 875 00:36:10,380 --> 00:36:08,560 sort of ring around Pluto that that's 876 00:36:12,710 --> 00:36:10,390 that's due to the flaw on the mirror but 877 00:36:16,230 --> 00:36:12,720 that would be fixed relatively soon and 878 00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:16,240 after the servicing mission in 93 we're 879 00:36:21,210 --> 00:36:18,490 able to get this image of Pluto and 880 00:36:23,730 --> 00:36:21,220 Charon and this is actually an infrared 881 00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:23,740 image of Pluto and Charon I Pluto is 882 00:36:28,140 --> 00:36:25,660 obviously the large splotch on the left 883 00:36:30,570 --> 00:36:28,150 and karen is the the smaller splotch on 884 00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:30,580 the right these look sort of like the 885 00:36:35,490 --> 00:36:32,110 the two are resolved but they actually 886 00:36:37,740 --> 00:36:35,500 aren't resolved they are separated but 887 00:36:39,810 --> 00:36:37,750 they aren't resolved into into 888 00:36:42,780 --> 00:36:39,820 individual pixels a lot of these things 889 00:36:45,150 --> 00:36:42,790 that means to be resolved versus not 890 00:36:46,890 --> 00:36:45,160 okay well the point is is that when you 891 00:36:48,810 --> 00:36:46,900 want to look at an object you want to 892 00:36:51,780 --> 00:36:48,820 have multiple pixels across the width of 893 00:36:54,540 --> 00:36:51,790 the object alright so we're used to 894 00:36:56,250 --> 00:36:54,550 seeing high-resolution images of the of 895 00:36:58,320 --> 00:36:56,260 the of the planets from satellites that 896 00:37:00,900 --> 00:36:58,330 have been there right and so you may 897 00:37:03,540 --> 00:37:00,910 have you know five hundred to a thousand 898 00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:03,550 to several thousand images pixels that 899 00:37:09,090 --> 00:37:06,910 span the width of the of the planet or 900 00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:09,100 moon that you're looking at well Pluto 901 00:37:14,550 --> 00:37:12,010 is so small that its entire size fits 902 00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:14,560 within one pixel and what you're seeing 903 00:37:18,240 --> 00:37:16,630 here is actually just the bleed of that 904 00:37:22,530 --> 00:37:18,250 love the brightness of that one pixel 905 00:37:24,630 --> 00:37:22,540 spreading across the the detector so 906 00:37:26,850 --> 00:37:24,640 this while it looks like it's resolved 907 00:37:29,310 --> 00:37:26,860 into a nice circular spot that's 908 00:37:31,140 --> 00:37:29,320 actually just detector bleed and really 909 00:37:34,830 --> 00:37:31,150 doesn't indicate it indicates the 910 00:37:36,780 --> 00:37:34,840 brightness but not the true size if you 911 00:37:39,740 --> 00:37:36,790 want to see real it resolved images of 912 00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:39,750 Pluto we finally got them with Hubble 913 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:44,710 also in 1994 now what you're seeing the 914 00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:48,010 big circles here are not the images of 915 00:37:55,980 --> 00:37:48,910 Pluto 916 00:37:58,500 --> 00:37:55,990 images the images themselves are these 917 00:38:01,800 --> 00:37:58,510 tiny little speck Lee things in the 918 00:38:04,860 --> 00:38:01,810 upper left up in the top so the top row 919 00:38:06,870 --> 00:38:04,870 are the real images of Pluto okay and 920 00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:06,880 these are the best images we've ever 921 00:38:10,920 --> 00:38:09,610 gotten a Pluto to this point and really 922 00:38:14,070 --> 00:38:10,930 the best we have until today because 923 00:38:15,240 --> 00:38:14,080 these are Hubble's images that you can 924 00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:15,250 see that you can start to see the 925 00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:17,170 pixelation okay you can actually get 926 00:38:23,160 --> 00:38:20,710 pixels across Pluto right and that is 927 00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:23,170 the resolution but this shows you just 928 00:38:28,560 --> 00:38:26,470 how small and how far away Pluto is that 929 00:38:31,560 --> 00:38:28,570 even with Hubble that's the best 930 00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:31,570 resolution we can do alright so the the 931 00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:34,930 saga of Pluto goes on in from 1994 we 932 00:38:42,270 --> 00:38:39,970 move on to 2008 the build of the 933 00:38:44,460 --> 00:38:42,280 building of the Rose Center for Earth 934 00:38:47,340 --> 00:38:44,470 and space at the American Museum of 935 00:38:49,140 --> 00:38:47,350 Natural History in New York and I 936 00:38:50,940 --> 00:38:49,150 actually was one of the curators Neil 937 00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:50,950 Tyson Steve Sodor and myself were the 938 00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:53,290 three curators there and when we built 939 00:38:59,040 --> 00:38:55,810 the exhibits there we recognize that 940 00:39:02,070 --> 00:38:59,050 Pluto wasn't going to stay in the class 941 00:39:03,780 --> 00:39:02,080 of planets and so what we did there is 942 00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:03,790 we actually talked about the four rocky 943 00:39:08,310 --> 00:39:06,160 planets we talked about the four giant 944 00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:08,320 planets we talked about the Kuiper belt 945 00:39:13,170 --> 00:39:11,290 we talked about the asteroid belt and we 946 00:39:16,140 --> 00:39:13,180 talked about Pluto where it belongs 947 00:39:18,270 --> 00:39:16,150 within the Kuiper belt now I actually 948 00:39:20,610 --> 00:39:18,280 edited the text I made sure we never 949 00:39:22,070 --> 00:39:20,620 said Pluto wasn't a planet because that 950 00:39:24,750 --> 00:39:22,080 would be going against the IAE 951 00:39:27,330 --> 00:39:24,760 definition that it was but we never said 952 00:39:28,830 --> 00:39:27,340 that it was a planet alright we talked 953 00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:28,840 about it in the context of what it was 954 00:39:34,770 --> 00:39:30,810 so we walked a fine line basically 955 00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:34,780 however some reporter actually for the 956 00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:37,450 architecture of near of the New York 957 00:39:45,350 --> 00:39:39,940 Times came in and said what Pluto's not 958 00:39:47,670 --> 00:39:45,360 a planet only in New York and basically 959 00:39:49,110 --> 00:39:47,680 noted that we had talked about the rocky 960 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:49,120 planets we talked about the giant 961 00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:52,090 planets and we hadn't talked about Pluto 962 00:39:55,560 --> 00:39:53,650 in either one of those categories of 963 00:39:57,270 --> 00:39:55,570 course it doesn't fit into either one of 964 00:40:00,660 --> 00:39:57,280 those categories but that caused a 965 00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:00,670 firestorm of stuff and you know it was 966 00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:02,710 just our way of saying look 967 00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:04,810 we know the times they are changing and 968 00:40:10,950 --> 00:40:07,330 our exhibits we expect them to stand for 969 00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:10,960 20 20 years or so and we were just kind 970 00:40:14,520 --> 00:40:12,390 of trying to get ahead of the curve 971 00:40:17,310 --> 00:40:14,530 turns out we actually were ahead of the 972 00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:17,320 curve ok we'll take credit for that all 973 00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:19,510 right Hubble came back to look at Pluto 974 00:40:25,650 --> 00:40:23,170 in 2002 and got more maps and for some 975 00:40:29,190 --> 00:40:25,660 reason they colored these maps yellow 976 00:40:31,740 --> 00:40:29,200 and black because there is a yellowish 977 00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:31,750 probably from an astronomers point of 978 00:40:36,570 --> 00:40:33,250 view there's a yellowish tinge to the 979 00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:36,580 surface of Pluto in terms of measuring 980 00:40:40,530 --> 00:40:38,410 its colors red versus blue and stuff 981 00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:40,540 like that but I really don't think the 982 00:40:44,730 --> 00:40:42,400 yellowish here is actually the yellowish 983 00:40:47,160 --> 00:40:44,740 color the human eye would see all right 984 00:40:48,720 --> 00:40:47,170 so I I worry about these things 985 00:40:50,849 --> 00:40:48,730 appearing in textbooks and kids thinking 986 00:40:52,740 --> 00:40:50,859 Oh Pluto is going to look like that yeah 987 00:40:54,570 --> 00:40:52,750 it's always good to mention that a lot 988 00:40:56,339 --> 00:40:54,580 of astronomical images are using color 989 00:40:58,440 --> 00:40:56,349 tables to bring out detail they wouldn't 990 00:40:59,940 --> 00:40:58,450 see these color tables are kind of 991 00:41:02,190 --> 00:40:59,950 specialized depending on what they're 992 00:41:04,050 --> 00:41:02,200 trying to bring out what details so 993 00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:04,060 that's a good point that's right but 994 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:05,770 really the sites that came out of it 995 00:41:11,910 --> 00:41:08,530 came out of the surface maps okay so 996 00:41:14,089 --> 00:41:11,920 this is a surface map of Pluto sort of 997 00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:14,099 like you would see a spread-out map of 998 00:41:19,140 --> 00:41:16,570 Earth right with all the continents raid 999 00:41:22,829 --> 00:41:19,150 well this is a very low resolution one 1000 00:41:24,870 --> 00:41:22,839 of Pluto and this is the 2002 map and 1001 00:41:29,370 --> 00:41:24,880 what was interesting is if you compare 1002 00:41:32,430 --> 00:41:29,380 the 2002 map to the 2,000 of the 1994 1003 00:41:35,099 --> 00:41:32,440 map all right you can see that there's a 1004 00:41:38,250 --> 00:41:35,109 bright region down bottom in the 1994 1005 00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:38,260 map but if I switch back to the 2002 map 1006 00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:41,410 the bright region is towards the top all 1007 00:41:47,220 --> 00:41:43,330 right and so what we're seeing here a 1008 00:41:50,720 --> 00:41:47,230 bit is a change in the brightness of the 1009 00:41:53,579 --> 00:41:50,730 surface of Pluto which may indicate 1010 00:41:56,190 --> 00:41:53,589 surmise to indicate the deposition of 1011 00:42:01,650 --> 00:41:56,200 fresh I don't like all its snow but 1012 00:42:05,190 --> 00:42:01,660 fresh condensate okay Pluto has a very 1013 00:42:07,410 --> 00:42:05,200 very thin atmosphere okay and it can the 1014 00:42:09,450 --> 00:42:07,420 material could actually move from one 1015 00:42:12,390 --> 00:42:09,460 could actually evaporate at one area 1016 00:42:13,380 --> 00:42:12,400 andrey condense on another area i'm not 1017 00:42:14,670 --> 00:42:13,390 sure that that's what's it what's 1018 00:42:16,140 --> 00:42:14,680 happened here that that's a supposition 1019 00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:16,150 that that might have happened here 1020 00:42:22,380 --> 00:42:18,910 but what really this shows is that the 1021 00:42:25,829 --> 00:42:22,390 stuff that was right in 1994 has become 1022 00:42:28,620 --> 00:42:25,839 dark by 2002 and a new region has had 1023 00:42:31,740 --> 00:42:28,630 new condensate in 2002 so it does show 1024 00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:31,750 that as pluto heads heads away from the 1025 00:42:35,250 --> 00:42:33,010 Sun it's heading away from the Sun right 1026 00:42:36,690 --> 00:42:35,260 now its surface features at least the 1027 00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:36,700 brightness of his search features are 1028 00:42:40,410 --> 00:42:38,680 changing and that's something we hadn't 1029 00:42:41,940 --> 00:42:40,420 known before so that's that's a 1030 00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:41,950 brand-new result that Hubble was able to 1031 00:42:50,190 --> 00:42:47,650 do hell let's see then in 2006 this is a 1032 00:42:52,680 --> 00:42:50,200 picture a great picture from NASA of a 1033 00:42:54,750 --> 00:42:52,690 launch of the New Horizons mission all 1034 00:42:57,359 --> 00:42:54,760 right we had sent Voyager past Jupiter 1035 00:42:59,579 --> 00:42:57,369 Saturn and voyager 2 past Jupiter Saturn 1036 00:43:03,390 --> 00:42:59,589 Uranus and Neptune but we had never 1037 00:43:05,789 --> 00:43:03,400 visited Pluto and Alan Stern is the p.i 1038 00:43:08,579 --> 00:43:05,799 on this project and he finally got his 1039 00:43:09,960 --> 00:43:08,589 his lifelong dream to send a mission out 1040 00:43:13,680 --> 00:43:09,970 to Pluto the new horizon missions 1041 00:43:15,690 --> 00:43:13,690 launched in January 2006 and in support 1042 00:43:17,819 --> 00:43:15,700 of the New Horizons mission Hubble was 1043 00:43:19,710 --> 00:43:17,829 going to survey the Pluto system to see 1044 00:43:21,750 --> 00:43:19,720 was there anything else there that's 1045 00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:21,760 worthy of study or was there anything 1046 00:43:26,309 --> 00:43:23,410 else there that could actually pose a 1047 00:43:28,470 --> 00:43:26,319 threat to New Horizons mission and we 1048 00:43:31,890 --> 00:43:28,480 actually discovered some things in 2005 1049 00:43:34,289 --> 00:43:31,900 but we released them in 2006 and in 1050 00:43:39,029 --> 00:43:34,299 February 2006 we released this picture 1051 00:43:42,269 --> 00:43:39,039 of two new moons around Pluto they were 1052 00:43:44,250 --> 00:43:42,279 designated p1 and p2 but later the 1053 00:43:46,980 --> 00:43:44,260 discoverers got the name them and they 1054 00:43:48,990 --> 00:43:46,990 named them Nix and Hydra that wasn't 1055 00:43:53,940 --> 00:43:49,000 take moment euros other names p1 and p2 1056 00:43:56,849 --> 00:43:53,950 were so great well Nix and Hydra NH New 1057 00:44:03,809 --> 00:43:56,859 Horizons so there was not a coincidence 1058 00:44:06,210 --> 00:44:03,819 I never knew that okay know that so they 1059 00:44:08,039 --> 00:44:06,220 worked really hard to find some names 1060 00:44:10,319 --> 00:44:08,049 that are within the mythology of the 1061 00:44:13,109 --> 00:44:10,329 underworld and Pluto that will come with 1062 00:44:16,230 --> 00:44:13,119 it and they found Nix and Hydra NH New 1063 00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:16,240 Horizons okay that was februari 2006 so 1064 00:44:20,490 --> 00:44:18,130 we got new horizons launch we got some 1065 00:44:25,260 --> 00:44:20,500 new moons and then august two thousand 1066 00:44:26,970 --> 00:44:25,270 six boom Pluto's no longer a planet so 1067 00:44:29,490 --> 00:44:26,980 finally the rest of the world caught up 1068 00:44:31,980 --> 00:44:29,500 to what we had done in two thousand 1069 00:44:34,410 --> 00:44:31,990 and recognize that Pluto didn't really 1070 00:44:36,720 --> 00:44:34,420 fit in amongst the planets it wasn't a 1071 00:44:38,910 --> 00:44:36,730 rocky planet wasn't a giant planet it 1072 00:44:40,950 --> 00:44:38,920 actually did fit in with these other 1073 00:44:44,550 --> 00:44:40,960 objects which I'll discuss in just a bit 1074 00:44:47,160 --> 00:44:44,560 so that was you know a big year for 1075 00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:47,170 Pluto there in terms of getting the 1076 00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:48,970 mission getting the new moons and then 1077 00:44:56,850 --> 00:44:53,050 change in status flash forward to 2007 1078 00:44:59,700 --> 00:44:56,860 and New Horizons has already past 1079 00:45:01,920 --> 00:44:59,710 Jupiter okay and this this is what 1080 00:45:04,410 --> 00:45:01,930 always brings back to me the scale of 1081 00:45:06,510 --> 00:45:04,420 the solar system that essentially in a 1082 00:45:10,530 --> 00:45:06,520 year a little over a year it could get 1083 00:45:12,660 --> 00:45:10,540 out to Jupiter right and but that's 1084 00:45:14,580 --> 00:45:12,670 really only a few percent of the way to 1085 00:45:16,680 --> 00:45:14,590 get to where it's really going because 1086 00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:16,690 it's going to travel if the earth-sun 1087 00:45:21,180 --> 00:45:18,970 distance is one AU right and then 1088 00:45:23,630 --> 00:45:21,190 Jupiter's out at like 58 you so that's 1089 00:45:27,180 --> 00:45:23,640 that's it's traveled almost for a you in 1090 00:45:31,110 --> 00:45:27,190 2007 tub by 2007 but it has to travel 1091 00:45:33,060 --> 00:45:31,120 30a you so Jupiter is actually really 1092 00:45:36,450 --> 00:45:33,070 close in comparison to how distant 1093 00:45:38,550 --> 00:45:36,460 Neptune and Pluto are so it sort of 1094 00:45:41,790 --> 00:45:38,560 gives you a feeling for the scale solar 1095 00:45:44,520 --> 00:45:41,800 system that it was there in 2007 and I 1096 00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:44,530 have to mention this because when New 1097 00:45:48,330 --> 00:45:46,510 Horizons past Jupiter who is able to 1098 00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:48,340 take very shots of Jupiter which were 1099 00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:51,310 nice but it got the most amazing shot of 1100 00:45:58,640 --> 00:45:54,310 Jupiter's moon Io and again one of my 1101 00:46:03,630 --> 00:45:58,650 favorite shots and in astronomy is this 1102 00:46:06,030 --> 00:46:03,640 animated gif of Cooper's moon Io and on 1103 00:46:09,930 --> 00:46:06,040 the very top of it you can see the 1104 00:46:14,580 --> 00:46:09,940 volcano too vast are actually see five 1105 00:46:17,010 --> 00:46:14,590 images of de bashed are erupting just 1106 00:46:18,840 --> 00:46:17,020 how cool is that I know now while Frank 1107 00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:18,850 is talking I've been uploading some of 1108 00:46:22,620 --> 00:46:21,010 these images to the event page but 1109 00:46:25,110 --> 00:46:22,630 unfortunately that's not going to come 1110 00:46:27,030 --> 00:46:25,120 through so the animated gif part so 1111 00:46:29,130 --> 00:46:27,040 you'll just get the image that got 1112 00:46:31,380 --> 00:46:29,140 captured from the PowerPoint export but 1113 00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:31,390 all right well if you look if you do a 1114 00:46:39,180 --> 00:46:36,370 Google search for TV a sh t AR to Vash 1115 00:46:40,860 --> 00:46:39,190 star this will come up because you know 1116 00:46:43,079 --> 00:46:40,870 it's it's there on Wikipedia such as a 1117 00:46:46,430 --> 00:46:43,089 public domain image and such 1118 00:46:48,989 --> 00:46:46,440 I'm one of my favorites yeah that is all 1119 00:46:52,019 --> 00:46:48,999 ok so that's a little bit of a side 1120 00:46:54,269 --> 00:46:52,029 point but you know new horizons did good 1121 00:46:56,039 --> 00:46:54,279 science good observations while it was 1122 00:46:59,249 --> 00:46:56,049 passing by Jupiter and getting a good 1123 00:47:00,569 --> 00:46:59,259 gravity assist from Jupiter in addition 1124 00:47:04,079 --> 00:47:00,579 to the science it will do when it gets 1125 00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:04,089 to Pluto alright well fast forward to 1126 00:47:10,410 --> 00:47:07,930 2012 Hubble continued to look made some 1127 00:47:12,599 --> 00:47:10,420 more look check checking around there we 1128 00:47:14,309 --> 00:47:12,609 you'll notice this image has got two 1129 00:47:17,579 --> 00:47:14,319 exposures it's got the exposure down the 1130 00:47:19,289 --> 00:47:17,589 center which is Pluto and Charon um on 1131 00:47:20,789 --> 00:47:19,299 the left-hand side you can see the 1132 00:47:23,819 --> 00:47:20,799 previously discovered moons Nix and 1133 00:47:28,229 --> 00:47:23,829 Hydra but in 2010 we discovered another 1134 00:47:30,269 --> 00:47:28,239 moon and 2011 or 2012 we discovered yet 1135 00:47:33,450 --> 00:47:30,279 another moon and these ended up being 1136 00:47:35,309 --> 00:47:33,460 named sticks and kerberos so now we've 1137 00:47:38,549 --> 00:47:35,319 got this amazing system all right with 1138 00:47:40,529 --> 00:47:38,559 Pluto Karen and then for new moons that 1139 00:47:41,729 --> 00:47:40,539 we didn't know about out there so Hubble 1140 00:47:43,920 --> 00:47:41,739 is saying alright this is going to be 1141 00:47:45,719 --> 00:47:43,930 really cool and because Hubble had 1142 00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:45,729 discovered it on the way to Pluto while 1143 00:47:50,400 --> 00:47:47,890 New Horizons is still on its way the 1144 00:47:52,829 --> 00:47:50,410 astronomers could then bring this into 1145 00:47:54,989 --> 00:47:52,839 their planning and plan scientific 1146 00:47:56,849 --> 00:47:54,999 observations to try and cover the whole 1147 00:47:59,940 --> 00:47:56,859 Pluto system all right when it was 1148 00:48:01,920 --> 00:47:59,950 launched we only had two objects to to 1149 00:48:05,430 --> 00:48:01,930 examine in the Pluto system now we got 1150 00:48:08,339 --> 00:48:05,440 six so Hubble has provided a really good 1151 00:48:11,789 --> 00:48:08,349 bonanza for the New Horizons mission to 1152 00:48:13,769 --> 00:48:11,799 look at ok well now we're up to today ok 1153 00:48:16,009 --> 00:48:13,779 and this is something i downloaded today 1154 00:48:20,190 --> 00:48:16,019 from the New Horizons website it shows 1155 00:48:22,799 --> 00:48:20,200 the path of New Horizons on its way out 1156 00:48:25,499 --> 00:48:22,809 to Pluto and show you where it is it has 1157 00:48:27,959 --> 00:48:25,509 traveled about 29 astronomical units and 1158 00:48:30,719 --> 00:48:27,969 still has a little less than three to go 1159 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:30,729 and that three will take place over the 1160 00:48:37,069 --> 00:48:33,130 next year all right but a really 1161 00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:37,079 important point comes up in January of 1162 00:48:42,930 --> 00:48:41,410 2015 so these are those Hubble images ok 1163 00:48:45,630 --> 00:48:42,940 these are the Hubble these are the best 1164 00:48:49,229 --> 00:48:45,640 images we've got from Hubble New 1165 00:48:53,130 --> 00:48:49,239 Horizons will equal Hubble's resolution 1166 00:48:55,289 --> 00:48:53,140 in January of 2015 so for the first time 1167 00:48:56,910 --> 00:48:55,299 will actually start to get better images 1168 00:48:59,220 --> 00:48:56,920 that Hubble can take 1169 00:49:01,590 --> 00:48:59,230 um beginning beginning next year so for 1170 00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:01,600 about six months before and six months 1171 00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:04,960 after its encounter with with Pluto New 1172 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:06,610 Horizons will have time to take pictures 1173 00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:09,250 that exceed Hubble's resolution and i 1174 00:49:12,090 --> 00:49:10,450 almost put a little question marks over 1175 00:49:14,190 --> 00:49:12,100 top of these because i don't know what 1176 00:49:16,830 --> 00:49:14,200 they're going to be like but it'll be 1177 00:49:20,580 --> 00:49:16,840 nice to finally exceed these uh these 1178 00:49:23,190 --> 00:49:20,590 rather i want to call it right there 1179 00:49:24,810 --> 00:49:23,200 kind of pathetic here okay it says a lot 1180 00:49:26,730 --> 00:49:24,820 about Hubble come on me well we had to 1181 00:49:28,470 --> 00:49:26,740 get these get something better than that 1182 00:49:30,270 --> 00:49:28,480 it sends something way the heck out 1183 00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:30,280 there and that's actually that's a great 1184 00:49:33,930 --> 00:49:31,810 point Tony I mean there's a lot that 1185 00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:33,940 Hubble can do that can only be exceeded 1186 00:49:38,520 --> 00:49:36,250 by satellites that actually fly across 1187 00:49:41,010 --> 00:49:38,530 the space satellites to fly across the 1188 00:49:43,650 --> 00:49:41,020 solar system and visit the planets 1189 00:49:45,660 --> 00:49:43,660 that's right awesome that's great Frank 1190 00:49:48,210 --> 00:49:45,670 ok so wait a minute but we still haven't 1191 00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:48,220 gotten things so the actual encounter 1192 00:49:55,110 --> 00:49:50,770 with Pluto will and it's listed on the 1193 00:49:58,890 --> 00:49:55,120 website is 7 49 59 seconds a.m. eastern 1194 00:50:01,410 --> 00:49:58,900 daylight time July 14 2015 so we are 1195 00:50:04,190 --> 00:50:01,420 just under his one-year announcing 1196 00:50:07,080 --> 00:50:04,200 that's right 300 left three days I guess 1197 00:50:09,810 --> 00:50:07,090 363 days from now we will have the 1198 00:50:10,920 --> 00:50:09,820 closest approach to Pluto and that will 1199 00:50:13,440 --> 00:50:10,930 be kind of cool this is of course an 1200 00:50:15,270 --> 00:50:13,450 artist's rendition with Pluto and its 1201 00:50:18,690 --> 00:50:15,280 kind of interesting they they they drew 1202 00:50:21,080 --> 00:50:18,700 some ice geysers in this in this thing 1203 00:50:24,660 --> 00:50:21,090 sort of like the ice geysers we see on 1204 00:50:26,550 --> 00:50:24,670 Triton Neptune's moon Triton and then 1205 00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:26,560 there's a Karen in the background I 1206 00:50:30,270 --> 00:50:28,510 don't know if this was drawn after Nixon 1207 00:50:31,470 --> 00:50:30,280 Hydra and sticks and kerberos were 1208 00:50:33,270 --> 00:50:31,480 discovered but I don't see them in the 1209 00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:33,280 image all right so we got that all right 1210 00:50:39,180 --> 00:50:36,310 so New Horizons were one year away here 1211 00:50:40,890 --> 00:50:39,190 is the timeline of the mission and you 1212 00:50:43,980 --> 00:50:40,900 can see the process of passing by 1213 00:50:46,650 --> 00:50:43,990 Jupiter getting out to Pluto but the 1214 00:50:48,690 --> 00:50:46,660 really cool thing about it is that we 1215 00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:48,700 now have so much more information out 1216 00:50:55,290 --> 00:50:52,090 there what is New Horizons going to do a 1217 00:50:57,450 --> 00:50:55,300 fertilized by Pluto Pluto does not have 1218 00:51:00,750 --> 00:50:57,460 enough mass okay we certainly don't have 1219 00:51:03,270 --> 00:51:00,760 enough thrusters on this small satellite 1220 00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:03,280 on a small space mission to pull it into 1221 00:51:07,050 --> 00:51:05,410 an orbit around Pluto right because we 1222 00:51:09,330 --> 00:51:07,060 you know messenger is sitting around 1223 00:51:10,740 --> 00:51:09,340 mercury and it's orbiting mercury okay 1224 00:51:13,320 --> 00:51:10,750 Cassini has been orbiting 1225 00:51:15,540 --> 00:51:13,330 for several years and we can do detailed 1226 00:51:18,180 --> 00:51:15,550 studies of those of those planets 1227 00:51:21,480 --> 00:51:18,190 because they go into orbit and can stay 1228 00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:21,490 for several years well New Horizons is 1229 00:51:27,480 --> 00:51:23,110 booking across the solar system there's 1230 00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:27,490 no way it could stop to to look at Pluto 1231 00:51:32,340 --> 00:51:28,810 for very long it's going to be a very 1232 00:51:34,470 --> 00:51:32,350 quick you know coupled a flyby of Pluto 1233 00:51:36,620 --> 00:51:34,480 and its system and that's all we're 1234 00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:36,630 going to get so what do we do after that 1235 00:51:44,340 --> 00:51:40,770 well the reason Pluto was demoted is 1236 00:51:47,220 --> 00:51:44,350 specified by this image right here this 1237 00:51:49,560 --> 00:51:47,230 is the Kuiper belt okay and so these 1238 00:51:51,510 --> 00:51:49,570 green circles in here starting from the 1239 00:51:54,120 --> 00:51:51,520 inside it's Jupiter Saturn Uranus and 1240 00:51:56,910 --> 00:51:54,130 Neptune okay these are the giant planets 1241 00:51:59,850 --> 00:51:56,920 and those are the orbits of the giant 1242 00:52:03,060 --> 00:51:59,860 planets the green the blue green circles 1243 00:52:07,830 --> 00:52:03,070 there but all of the red and white dots 1244 00:52:09,750 --> 00:52:07,840 the 1274 red and white dots out beyond 1245 00:52:13,440 --> 00:52:09,760 and just slightly covering Neptune's 1246 00:52:18,960 --> 00:52:13,450 orbit our new objects we have discovered 1247 00:52:21,210 --> 00:52:18,970 since 1992 this is a new region of the 1248 00:52:24,570 --> 00:52:21,220 solar system that has been discovered in 1249 00:52:26,910 --> 00:52:24,580 our lifetimes the reason Pluto was 1250 00:52:29,640 --> 00:52:26,920 demoted from being a planet is not 1251 00:52:32,550 --> 00:52:29,650 because of its particular size or it or 1252 00:52:35,820 --> 00:52:32,560 its particular characteristics but that 1253 00:52:38,430 --> 00:52:35,830 it now has a family of objects that are 1254 00:52:40,590 --> 00:52:38,440 just like it that are small that are icy 1255 00:52:42,810 --> 00:52:40,600 have these elongated orbits have these 1256 00:52:45,720 --> 00:52:42,820 tilted orbits they have all the same 1257 00:52:47,520 --> 00:52:45,730 characteristics as Pluto and Pluto is 1258 00:52:49,740 --> 00:52:47,530 one of the largest of these objects that 1259 00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:49,750 you know we can call them Kuiper belt 1260 00:52:54,870 --> 00:52:51,370 objects or some people call them 1261 00:52:56,240 --> 00:52:54,880 trans-neptunian objects I just I stick 1262 00:53:00,360 --> 00:52:56,250 with Kuiper belt is because it's easier 1263 00:53:02,070 --> 00:53:00,370 for people to recognize so if you have 1264 00:53:04,650 --> 00:53:02,080 all these other objects out there and 1265 00:53:07,560 --> 00:53:04,660 you've got this mission streaming 1266 00:53:08,940 --> 00:53:07,570 through them doesn't it make sense to 1267 00:53:12,150 --> 00:53:08,950 try and find something else to look at 1268 00:53:15,330 --> 00:53:12,160 right so that's what Howell has been 1269 00:53:17,430 --> 00:53:15,340 doing and Hubble started a mission and 1270 00:53:18,570 --> 00:53:17,440 so the new science this is I'm finally 1271 00:53:20,190 --> 00:53:18,580 getting to the new science after about 1272 00:53:23,830 --> 00:53:20,200 20 minutes of talking about Pluto right 1273 00:53:26,710 --> 00:53:23,840 you did go over for you 1274 00:53:28,420 --> 00:53:26,720 and you know but this is the new science 1275 00:53:32,560 --> 00:53:28,430 that we released is that Hubble has 1276 00:53:36,820 --> 00:53:32,570 started this search for objects in the 1277 00:53:39,760 --> 00:53:36,830 Kuiper belt that could be targets for 1278 00:53:40,870 --> 00:53:39,770 New Horizons so New Horizons is going to 1279 00:53:44,350 --> 00:53:40,880 go past Pluto it's going to have a 1280 00:53:46,690 --> 00:53:44,360 really serious amazing science fest for 1281 00:53:48,610 --> 00:53:46,700 a very short time as it passes Pluto and 1282 00:53:50,440 --> 00:53:48,620 then it's got to look for another target 1283 00:53:52,810 --> 00:53:50,450 well it can't go look for another target 1284 00:53:54,640 --> 00:53:52,820 on its own it needs the help of Hubble 1285 00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:54,650 and Hubble has started this search here 1286 00:54:00,430 --> 00:53:57,050 are two examples and these two examples 1287 00:54:02,760 --> 00:54:00,440 showed that Hubble really is capable of 1288 00:54:05,260 --> 00:54:02,770 doing this it was a proof of concept 1289 00:54:08,560 --> 00:54:05,270 yeah this is a proof of concept on these 1290 00:54:11,470 --> 00:54:08,570 things and Hubble has been approved to 1291 00:54:12,580 --> 00:54:11,480 do the full target search okay I don't 1292 00:54:15,190 --> 00:54:12,590 know how many orbits that's going to 1293 00:54:18,610 --> 00:54:15,200 take to do this but continue to do a 1294 00:54:21,220 --> 00:54:18,620 much larger target search for objects 1295 00:54:22,570 --> 00:54:21,230 for New Horizons to look at and so it's 1296 00:54:24,550 --> 00:54:22,580 going to search the part of the sky that 1297 00:54:27,070 --> 00:54:24,560 New Horizons will be flying through and 1298 00:54:29,620 --> 00:54:27,080 Hubble will be able to have been able to 1299 00:54:31,660 --> 00:54:29,630 not only help new horizons by looking at 1300 00:54:33,820 --> 00:54:31,670 the Pluto system and all the objects in 1301 00:54:36,640 --> 00:54:33,830 it but also to now examine the Kuiper 1302 00:54:39,130 --> 00:54:36,650 belt and find new targets printing 1303 00:54:42,460 --> 00:54:39,140 horizons to look at so let me get this 1304 00:54:45,070 --> 00:54:42,470 try so as New Horizons flies after it's 1305 00:54:46,570 --> 00:54:45,080 done its flyby of Pluto Hubble is going 1306 00:54:48,190 --> 00:54:46,580 to very quickly go out there say okay 1307 00:54:50,050 --> 00:54:48,200 now go over here look at this thing this 1308 00:54:52,450 --> 00:54:50,060 one's pretty cool and it's gonna sort of 1309 00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:52,460 gauge in real time what it's going to 1310 00:54:57,970 --> 00:54:54,910 look at or how is that going to work I 1311 00:54:59,590 --> 00:54:57,980 my expectation I'm not involved in the 1312 00:55:03,310 --> 00:54:59,600 planning of it but my expectation is 1313 00:55:05,440 --> 00:55:03,320 that they have a limited amount of 1314 00:55:07,780 --> 00:55:05,450 thruster that they do to change course 1315 00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:07,790 and to get near one of these objects is 1316 00:55:14,140 --> 00:55:11,510 always trying to hit you know a dime on 1317 00:55:15,910 --> 00:55:14,150 the other side of the country and so you 1318 00:55:19,230 --> 00:55:15,920 know your true really trying to do vary 1319 00:55:21,790 --> 00:55:19,240 so a object when Hubble will go through 1320 00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:21,800 assemble a list of candidates possible 1321 00:55:27,130 --> 00:55:25,010 targets the investigators with New 1322 00:55:28,510 --> 00:55:27,140 Horizons will choose one of them and say 1323 00:55:30,250 --> 00:55:28,520 okay this is the object we're going to 1324 00:55:32,830 --> 00:55:30,260 try and study and they will calculate 1325 00:55:34,360 --> 00:55:32,840 what kind of thrust do they need to get 1326 00:55:36,850 --> 00:55:34,370 to maneuver the spaceship after it 1327 00:55:37,750 --> 00:55:36,860 passes through the Pluto system what 1328 00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:37,760 kind of thrust 1329 00:55:42,160 --> 00:55:40,310 does it need to then do a course 1330 00:55:44,050 --> 00:55:42,170 correction to try and get it to go past 1331 00:55:45,760 --> 00:55:44,060 one of these objects and then all of 1332 00:55:48,160 --> 00:55:45,770 their focus will be on got that one 1333 00:55:49,450 --> 00:55:48,170 selected object no I don't think we I 1334 00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:49,460 don't think we'll be able to get more 1335 00:55:53,740 --> 00:55:51,410 than one if we got really really really 1336 00:55:55,840 --> 00:55:53,750 really lucky maybe two of them would 1337 00:56:00,400 --> 00:55:55,850 line up that you can't go past one and 1338 00:56:01,750 --> 00:56:00,410 then go past another but you know this 1339 00:56:05,140 --> 00:56:01,760 is not like Hollywood's view of the 1340 00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:05,150 asteroid belt okay if we always go back 1341 00:56:09,460 --> 00:56:06,890 to what was at the empire strikes back 1342 00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:09,470 oh yeah the important my name Falcon 1343 00:56:15,070 --> 00:56:11,210 zooming bass through the asteroids 1344 00:56:18,550 --> 00:56:15,080 that's BS sorry the asteroid belt is so 1345 00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:18,560 bloody empty that work extremely hard 1346 00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:22,310 just to find any asteroids um the Kuiper 1347 00:56:26,410 --> 00:56:24,710 belt is even worse okay there are more 1348 00:56:27,790 --> 00:56:26,420 objects in the Kuiper belt but their 1349 00:56:30,910 --> 00:56:27,800 father apart i mean we're talking 1350 00:56:33,490 --> 00:56:30,920 millions of miles apart really so you 1351 00:56:35,080 --> 00:56:33,500 got to work really really really hard to 1352 00:56:37,990 --> 00:56:35,090 get anywhere near any one of these 1353 00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:38,000 objects sorry it's not like the cat the 1354 00:56:43,840 --> 00:56:39,530 New Horizons mission is going to have a 1355 00:56:45,730 --> 00:56:43,850 you know a video game trying to slalom 1356 00:56:47,110 --> 00:56:45,740 through all these objects really it's 1357 00:56:49,120 --> 00:56:47,120 going to have to work really hard just 1358 00:56:51,460 --> 00:56:49,130 to find one of them in order to look 1359 00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:51,470 forward well this always built into the 1360 00:56:59,050 --> 00:56:56,210 New Horizons mission plan for couple to 1361 00:57:02,410 --> 00:56:59,060 do this well having Hubble do this I 1362 00:57:04,120 --> 00:57:02,420 don't believe so but having the 1363 00:57:07,150 --> 00:57:04,130 opportunity to look at the Kuiper belt 1364 00:57:08,350 --> 00:57:07,160 has always been there but it wasn't part 1365 00:57:09,880 --> 00:57:08,360 of the original funding the original 1366 00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:09,890 funding for new horizons was just to go 1367 00:57:14,740 --> 00:57:12,530 out and examine Pluto and it's always 1368 00:57:16,240 --> 00:57:14,750 been in the P eyes mind and all the sign 1369 00:57:17,890 --> 00:57:16,250 all the astronomers I know who work on 1370 00:57:19,030 --> 00:57:17,900 the mission always have said yeah we got 1371 00:57:20,770 --> 00:57:19,040 a look at the Kuiper belt it just seems 1372 00:57:23,290 --> 00:57:20,780 reasonable you spend all this money to 1373 00:57:25,930 --> 00:57:23,300 get out to Pluto you can't tell me we're 1374 00:57:28,540 --> 00:57:25,940 not going to look further but when they 1375 00:57:30,520 --> 00:57:28,550 proposed it the Kuiper belt was not well 1376 00:57:33,790 --> 00:57:30,530 known we didn't have these 1,200 objects 1377 00:57:36,910 --> 00:57:33,800 we maybe had a you know 50 or 100 when 1378 00:57:39,520 --> 00:57:36,920 it first got funded so that you couldn't 1379 00:57:41,050 --> 00:57:39,530 plan on it but now the idea now that our 1380 00:57:43,360 --> 00:57:41,060 knowledge has grown over the years that 1381 00:57:46,180 --> 00:57:43,370 New Horizons has been built and has been 1382 00:57:49,090 --> 00:57:46,190 flying we now have I think it's a 1383 00:57:50,830 --> 00:57:49,100 no-brainer that we should try and try 1384 00:57:51,450 --> 00:57:50,840 and do this and Hubble really has turned 1385 00:57:55,430 --> 00:57:51,460 out to be 1386 00:57:58,110 --> 00:57:55,440 one of the good one of the good 1387 00:58:00,600 --> 00:57:58,120 telescopes for finding the possible 1388 00:58:02,310 --> 00:58:00,610 targets and I think we're planning on 1389 00:58:03,480 --> 00:58:02,320 trying to organize a hang out with the 1390 00:58:06,180 --> 00:58:03,490 guys that might be doing that 1391 00:58:08,280 --> 00:58:06,190 observation in the coming year so so 1392 00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:08,290 look for that as well so okay cool okay 1393 00:58:14,040 --> 00:58:11,110 well she got Frank um that's it but we 1394 00:58:16,230 --> 00:58:14,050 just wanted to remind people that we do 1395 00:58:18,450 --> 00:58:16,240 more that we do a lots of other things 1396 00:58:21,270 --> 00:58:18,460 for the public and in particular I host 1397 00:58:25,110 --> 00:58:21,280 the public lecture series and remind me 1398 00:58:27,030 --> 00:58:25,120 on August fifth 2014 we have dr. 1399 00:58:29,370 --> 00:58:27,040 Jennifer lots from the Space Telescope 1400 00:58:32,520 --> 00:58:29,380 Science Institute talking about frontier 1401 00:58:35,460 --> 00:58:32,530 fields a sneak peek at the first billion 1402 00:58:41,190 --> 00:58:35,470 years of i miss the s in that one first 1403 00:58:43,410 --> 00:58:41,200 billion years of the universe year yeah 1404 00:58:45,030 --> 00:58:43,420 now you've had Jenna on some hangouts 1405 00:58:46,980 --> 00:58:45,040 haven't you that's true now anybody 1406 00:58:48,360 --> 00:58:46,990 who's watched Hubble hangouts and with 1407 00:58:50,160 --> 00:58:48,370 if for any length of time has seen 1408 00:58:52,620 --> 00:58:50,170 several now we've had several frontier 1409 00:58:54,870 --> 00:58:52,630 fields hangouts but we've all we've 1410 00:58:57,630 --> 00:58:54,880 targeted on specific ideas and subjects 1411 00:58:59,940 --> 00:58:57,640 and so this will be a good overview of 1412 00:59:01,290 --> 00:58:59,950 what the science and and and what 1413 00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:01,300 they're what we're doing how they're 1414 00:59:05,220 --> 00:59:03,010 making Hubble more powerful by using 1415 00:59:06,660 --> 00:59:05,230 gravity gravitational lenses so that'll 1416 00:59:09,510 --> 00:59:06,670 be it should be a really good one and it 1417 00:59:12,840 --> 00:59:09,520 will be in addition to being webcast on 1418 00:59:14,880 --> 00:59:12,850 our one webcast is DSD i dot edu it will 1419 00:59:16,710 --> 00:59:14,890 also be on youtube on this channel so 1420 00:59:19,050 --> 00:59:16,720 right well Tony does a fantastic job of 1421 00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:19,060 taking the streams that we film inside 1422 00:59:23,550 --> 00:59:21,610 the auditorium and they're up on youtube 1423 00:59:25,350 --> 00:59:23,560 and we got a great response we want to 1424 00:59:27,570 --> 00:59:25,360 thank you all for coming and watching 1425 00:59:30,060 --> 00:59:27,580 those on the YouTube channel most of its 1426 00:59:32,070 --> 00:59:30,070 really it's nice that the speakers 1427 00:59:33,960 --> 00:59:32,080 really appreciate it because they get 1428 00:59:35,520 --> 00:59:33,970 the you know we may have a hundred 1429 00:59:38,640 --> 00:59:35,530 hundred and fifty people in the audience 1430 00:59:40,920 --> 00:59:38,650 but when you then get 5,000 hits 3000 1431 00:59:42,750 --> 00:59:40,930 5000 hits on YouTube you realize wow I'm 1432 00:59:45,420 --> 00:59:42,760 hitting a much bigger audience too and 1433 00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:45,430 that's right and while sometimes Frank 1434 00:59:50,190 --> 00:59:48,010 tries to look at the comments that you 1435 00:59:51,720 --> 00:59:50,200 guys are doing live while the talk has 1436 00:59:52,980 --> 00:59:51,730 happened he's also having to moderate 1437 00:59:54,840 --> 00:59:52,990 the talk so he doesn't always get a 1438 00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:54,850 chance to I will also be there though 1439 00:59:58,350 --> 00:59:56,410 looking at comments so it's okay to 1440 00:59:59,940 --> 00:59:58,360 leave comments on YouTube and Twitter 1441 01:00:01,500 --> 00:59:59,950 and anything else and we will try and 1442 01:00:04,520 --> 01:00:01,510 respond during that during the lecture 1443 01:00:06,410 --> 01:00:04,530 itself if you happen to catch it live so 1444 01:00:10,130 --> 01:00:06,420 we got any questions for today well 1445 01:00:14,210 --> 01:00:10,140 let's see um so from the I mean look 1446 01:00:16,760 --> 01:00:14,220 here from the UH from YouTube we have uh 1447 01:00:18,380 --> 01:00:16,770 this is from galaxia that goes maybe 1448 01:00:21,770 --> 01:00:18,390 when you were talking about the red spot 1449 01:00:24,950 --> 01:00:21,780 said maybe baby red spot and Big Brother 1450 01:00:26,480 --> 01:00:24,960 red spot will become one red spot what 1451 01:00:31,960 --> 01:00:26,490 do you think of that well these these 1452 01:00:34,720 --> 01:00:31,970 spots merge okay so red spot junior and 1453 01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:34,730 the Great Red Spot have been coexisting 1454 01:00:42,470 --> 01:00:40,410 for what over a decade now red spot 1455 01:00:44,270 --> 01:00:42,480 junior is at a different latitude and it 1456 01:00:49,010 --> 01:00:44,280 passes underneath as I showed that one 1457 01:00:54,590 --> 01:00:49,020 image it passes underneath the this the 1458 01:00:58,160 --> 01:00:54,600 the latitude of Great Red Spot so based 1459 01:01:00,100 --> 01:00:58,170 on ten years of evidence no they're not 1460 01:01:02,060 --> 01:01:00,110 going to merge to become one red spot 1461 01:01:04,280 --> 01:01:02,070 and that's one of the things you might 1462 01:01:06,770 --> 01:01:04,290 be thinking of that somebody else's I 1463 01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:06,780 would be thinking well maybe that the 1464 01:01:10,280 --> 01:01:08,610 Great Red Spot is shrunk because some of 1465 01:01:12,860 --> 01:01:10,290 the energy is now coming out through red 1466 01:01:14,930 --> 01:01:12,870 spot jr. and that could account for some 1467 01:01:17,630 --> 01:01:14,940 of it but certainly not all of the 1468 01:01:19,640 --> 01:01:17,640 shrinking of the of the of the red spot 1469 01:01:21,470 --> 01:01:19,650 yeah there you go yeah here's what we're 1470 01:01:23,780 --> 01:01:21,480 talking about so this was this was the 1471 01:01:27,380 --> 01:01:23,790 image that Frank was showing from from 1472 01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:27,390 Gemini so yeah it's still it's amazing 1473 01:01:30,650 --> 01:01:28,710 to me i remember when i was in solar 1474 01:01:32,660 --> 01:01:30,660 physics was amazing to me when I always 1475 01:01:34,490 --> 01:01:32,670 said you know it's amazing what we don't 1476 01:01:35,840 --> 01:01:34,500 know about the Sun and now the same is 1477 01:01:37,340 --> 01:01:35,850 true about some of these features on our 1478 01:01:40,010 --> 01:01:37,350 own planets but it's amazing what we 1479 01:01:41,540 --> 01:01:40,020 don't know about some of the features of 1480 01:01:43,580 --> 01:01:41,550 the of the of the planets in our solar 1481 01:01:47,030 --> 01:01:43,590 system so good question and thank you 1482 01:01:48,590 --> 01:01:47,040 for that stargazer nation is saying also 1483 01:01:50,180 --> 01:01:48,600 from YouTube and I find this funny that 1484 01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:50,190 he's able to get the little trademark in 1485 01:01:57,020 --> 01:01:54,510 his username that time again T darnet 1486 01:01:59,450 --> 01:01:57,030 Tony Darnell also I cannot believe these 1487 01:02:02,840 --> 01:01:59,460 images are near on 20 years old already 1488 01:02:04,640 --> 01:02:02,850 it's crazy and and I well it's worse 1489 01:02:05,860 --> 01:02:04,650 this better than that out where is in 1490 01:02:09,290 --> 01:02:05,870 the coming year we're celebrating 1491 01:02:12,080 --> 01:02:09,300 Hubble's 25th anniversary there's over 1492 01:02:13,940 --> 01:02:12,090 cutely that's right we're talking we're 1493 01:02:16,160 --> 01:02:13,950 emphasizing something called a Hubble 1494 01:02:18,230 --> 01:02:16,170 generation where there are people out 1495 01:02:20,270 --> 01:02:18,240 there now who 1496 01:02:21,980 --> 01:02:20,280 no overtime who don't know of a life 1497 01:02:24,050 --> 01:02:21,990 where there was not a Hubble Space 1498 01:02:26,990 --> 01:02:24,060 Telescope and my son is only 18 years 1499 01:02:29,870 --> 01:02:27,000 old he has never known a time when there 1500 01:02:33,500 --> 01:02:29,880 wasn't a Hubble Space Telescope that's 1501 01:02:35,570 --> 01:02:33,510 right both of my sons are 19 and 21 and 1502 01:02:38,240 --> 01:02:35,580 they don't either so it's amazing to 1503 01:02:40,130 --> 01:02:38,250 think about it really is Jordan Raines 1504 01:02:42,020 --> 01:02:40,140 is asking from YouTube I'm being good 1505 01:02:44,300 --> 01:02:42,030 Hubble can photograph galaxies that are 1506 01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:44,310 light-years away in vivid color do you 1507 01:02:49,580 --> 01:02:46,410 think we will ever get a clear up close 1508 01:02:53,030 --> 01:02:49,590 vivid photo of our own moon or is that 1509 01:02:55,060 --> 01:02:53,040 off limits okay thanks Jordan for this 1510 01:02:58,760 --> 01:02:55,070 question because we get this a lot 1511 01:03:01,520 --> 01:02:58,770 Hubble doesn't look at the moon simply 1512 01:03:04,850 --> 01:03:01,530 because it can only look at a very small 1513 01:03:08,030 --> 01:03:04,860 portion of the moon all right Hubble's 1514 01:03:09,710 --> 01:03:08,040 field of view on the skies I said there 1515 01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:09,720 are 12 million patches about the same 1516 01:03:15,980 --> 01:03:13,410 size and there are other telescopes the 1517 01:03:18,700 --> 01:03:15,990 moon is so bright that other telescopes 1518 01:03:22,970 --> 01:03:18,710 can get the moon better than Hubble can 1519 01:03:25,960 --> 01:03:22,980 it's not off limits in terms of can we 1520 01:03:29,060 --> 01:03:25,970 make observations of the moon but 1521 01:03:31,490 --> 01:03:29,070 scientifically you can get there are 1522 01:03:33,830 --> 01:03:31,500 missions like the LRO the Lunar 1523 01:03:35,270 --> 01:03:33,840 Reconnaissance Orbiter there we've been 1524 01:03:37,640 --> 01:03:35,280 to the moon you know with the Apollo 1525 01:03:39,140 --> 01:03:37,650 missions the other missions ground-based 1526 01:03:40,550 --> 01:03:39,150 telescopes can get really good 1527 01:03:43,160 --> 01:03:40,560 observations of the moon because it's so 1528 01:03:44,930 --> 01:03:43,170 bright and so big that Hubble doesn't 1529 01:03:48,410 --> 01:03:44,940 provide a significant advantage in 1530 01:03:51,109 --> 01:03:48,420 looking at the moon the one point that 1531 01:03:54,680 --> 01:03:51,119 you say is a clear up close photo of our 1532 01:03:57,859 --> 01:03:54,690 mo our own moon even app even with 1533 01:04:01,010 --> 01:03:57,869 Hubble Hubble's pixel resolution at the 1534 01:04:04,160 --> 01:04:01,020 distance of the moon one pixel is about 1535 01:04:05,990 --> 01:04:04,170 the size of a football field so we 1536 01:04:08,750 --> 01:04:06,000 people always say oh can the Hubble go 1537 01:04:11,930 --> 01:04:08,760 see the Apollo Landers no we can't see 1538 01:04:14,420 --> 01:04:11,940 the pollo lenders it have to be the size 1539 01:04:17,270 --> 01:04:14,430 of a football field or larger before 1540 01:04:19,880 --> 01:04:17,280 Hubble can start to resolve it good 1541 01:04:22,099 --> 01:04:19,890 question ok so i'm going to go switch 1542 01:04:26,210 --> 01:04:22,109 real quick see what's over the Q&A app i 1543 01:04:29,359 --> 01:04:26,220 was looking at youtube ron smith is 1544 01:04:31,280 --> 01:04:29,369 asking from the youtube app if nope no 1545 01:04:31,830 --> 01:04:31,290 object can be found to fly by after 1546 01:04:34,280 --> 01:04:31,840 Pluto 1547 01:04:37,830 --> 01:04:34,290 where will it go this is from Ronson 1548 01:04:39,480 --> 01:04:37,840 well we do have the two Voyager 1549 01:04:41,820 --> 01:04:39,490 satellites that are continuing out of 1550 01:04:44,250 --> 01:04:41,830 the solar system and New Horizons will 1551 01:04:46,980 --> 01:04:44,260 continue on a similar trajectory heading 1552 01:04:51,210 --> 01:04:46,990 out of the solar system New Horizons has 1553 01:04:54,180 --> 01:04:51,220 gotten 30a you right 30 astronomical 1554 01:04:58,500 --> 01:04:54,190 units in 10 years a little less than 10 1555 01:05:03,060 --> 01:04:58,510 years the voyagers are at what about 105 1556 01:05:05,850 --> 01:05:03,070 au and 120 a you don't mozilla yeah and 1557 01:05:08,670 --> 01:05:05,860 a few decades then New Horizons will 1558 01:05:10,470 --> 01:05:08,680 also go through the the outer parts of 1559 01:05:12,540 --> 01:05:10,480 the solar system into the heliopause and 1560 01:05:14,820 --> 01:05:12,550 the heliosheath and make it into 1561 01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:14,830 interstellar space so that is its 1562 01:05:19,560 --> 01:05:16,510 ultimate fate no matter what even if it 1563 01:05:21,660 --> 01:05:19,570 does find something else to look at the 1564 01:05:23,640 --> 01:05:21,670 question is what scientists observe 1565 01:05:26,580 --> 01:05:23,650 ations can it make while it's on its way 1566 01:05:28,800 --> 01:05:26,590 out there the Voyager satellites are 1567 01:05:30,810 --> 01:05:28,810 still sending back tiny tiny tiny bits 1568 01:05:35,520 --> 01:05:30,820 of data but it is still sending back 1569 01:05:38,460 --> 01:05:35,530 some data about the magnetic field as we 1570 01:05:40,050 --> 01:05:38,470 pass from the magnetic the region of 1571 01:05:43,320 --> 01:05:40,060 space is dominated by the sun's magnetic 1572 01:05:44,970 --> 01:05:43,330 field and the sun's solar wind and the 1573 01:05:46,890 --> 01:05:44,980 region that's dominated by the winds 1574 01:05:49,050 --> 01:05:46,900 from interstellar stars the magnetic 1575 01:05:51,660 --> 01:05:49,060 fields from center stellar stars that's 1576 01:05:54,050 --> 01:05:51,670 what we call the heliopause and so I 1577 01:05:56,340 --> 01:05:54,060 don't know whether New Horizons 1578 01:06:00,300 --> 01:05:56,350 batteries will last long enough for it 1579 01:06:02,790 --> 01:06:00,310 to be able to transmit good information 1580 01:06:04,370 --> 01:06:02,800 there but I'm sure if it's possible the 1581 01:06:07,320 --> 01:06:04,380 astronomers will make sure it happens 1582 01:06:09,660 --> 01:06:07,330 great good one great question so Hugo 1583 01:06:12,390 --> 01:06:09,670 Burnham actually did the math when we 1584 01:06:13,950 --> 01:06:12,400 were talking about the the area of sky 1585 01:06:16,170 --> 01:06:13,960 for the Hubble Deep Field and he said 1586 01:06:18,780 --> 01:06:16,180 that be three hundred and seventy six 1587 01:06:21,060 --> 01:06:18,790 thousand seven hundred years okay I 1588 01:06:23,580 --> 01:06:21,070 calculations are correct for HST to 1589 01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:23,590 image the entire sky like the Hubble 1590 01:06:26,430 --> 01:06:25,510 Ultra Deep Field so thank you go for 1591 01:06:28,680 --> 01:06:26,440 going through the trouble of doing the 1592 01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:28,690 math that's why you're a space fan I 1593 01:06:34,110 --> 01:06:30,610 mean that's what we do we do the math oh 1594 01:06:36,210 --> 01:06:34,120 yeah that's great I think it's a little 1595 01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:36,220 bit longer than Hubble's been scheduled 1596 01:06:41,820 --> 01:06:39,310 to operate but it's a little longer than 1597 01:06:45,090 --> 01:06:41,830 I'm scheduled to operate oh come on 1598 01:06:45,580 --> 01:06:45,100 doubt it me too actually so one final 1599 01:06:47,410 --> 01:06:45,590 question 1600 01:06:49,990 --> 01:06:47,420 we will have to do a sign-off will this 1601 01:06:51,940 --> 01:06:50,000 is from Adam synergy on the Q&A app will 1602 01:06:54,220 --> 01:06:51,950 new horizons be able to look back an 1603 01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:54,230 image the solar system in a similar way 1604 01:06:58,210 --> 01:06:57,110 to Voyager ask a question can I do that 1605 01:07:00,880 --> 01:06:58,220 will it be able to turn around and look 1606 01:07:03,190 --> 01:07:00,890 at us it has already done a little bit 1607 01:07:09,430 --> 01:07:03,200 of turning around and looking after it 1608 01:07:11,440 --> 01:07:09,440 passed by Jupiter the lor RI instrument 1609 01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:11,450 the lorry instrument long-range 1610 01:07:17,680 --> 01:07:16,010 something anyways look back at Jupiter 1611 01:07:23,170 --> 01:07:17,690 and was able to look at Jupiter and its 1612 01:07:27,010 --> 01:07:23,180 moons uh and looking back I'm sure that 1613 01:07:29,980 --> 01:07:27,020 as a target of opportunity that the P is 1614 01:07:31,750 --> 01:07:29,990 there would want to do that the the 1615 01:07:34,180 --> 01:07:31,760 shots looking back toward the Sun and 1616 01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:34,190 seeing the various planets are around 1617 01:07:39,820 --> 01:07:36,710 the Sun done with Voyager the the pale 1618 01:07:44,350 --> 01:07:39,830 blue dot shot I don't think it will 1619 01:07:47,410 --> 01:07:44,360 offer any amazingly improved level of an 1620 01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:47,420 observation there but I don't know we'll 1621 01:07:53,110 --> 01:07:49,910 see it would be it would be a fun thing 1622 01:07:54,850 --> 01:07:53,120 to do and send your letters to Alan 1623 01:07:57,340 --> 01:07:54,860 Stern and say Alan we really need 1624 01:07:58,510 --> 01:07:57,350 another pale blue dot image okay of 1625 01:07:59,770 --> 01:07:58,520 course he's going to be pretty busy for 1626 01:08:01,750 --> 01:07:59,780 the next year plant you make sure the 1627 01:08:04,540 --> 01:08:01,760 Pluto encounter goes well so he probably 1628 01:08:05,980 --> 01:08:04,550 won't respond right away all right 1629 01:08:09,010 --> 01:08:05,990 thanks adam has a good question or good 1630 01:08:11,020 --> 01:08:09,020 kind of good questions so i guess we 1631 01:08:12,760 --> 01:08:11,030 will stop here thank you Frank this was 1632 01:08:14,710 --> 01:08:12,770 a great one a lot of good information so 1633 01:08:16,450 --> 01:08:14,720 thanks for taking the time out and and 1634 01:08:19,180 --> 01:08:16,460 hanging out with us and getting getting 1635 01:08:21,310 --> 01:08:19,190 this at this news out we will try to do 1636 01:08:23,140 --> 01:08:21,320 we're going to do this again next next 1637 01:08:25,530 --> 01:08:23,150 in August you're going to be able to do 1638 01:08:28,240 --> 01:08:25,540 it in the likes what is it August sixth 1639 01:08:30,040 --> 01:08:28,250 let's see I guess fifth will be of 1640 01:08:31,900 --> 01:08:30,050 course the public battery solid lecture 1641 01:08:33,910 --> 01:08:31,910 so will you may be the next day you 1642 01:08:35,920 --> 01:08:33,920 think or the next day august six that 1643 01:08:37,329 --> 01:08:35,930 will work fine all right so we'll look 1644 01:08:39,190 --> 01:08:37,339 forward to talking to you then so don't 1645 01:08:41,620 --> 01:08:39,200 forget I like Frank said August fifth is 1646 01:08:43,510 --> 01:08:41,630 the next public lecture the Hubble 1647 01:08:45,460 --> 01:08:43,520 public lecture series I will if you 1648 01:08:48,130 --> 01:08:45,470 subscribe to Hubble site channel on 1649 01:08:50,320 --> 01:08:48,140 YouTube you'll get notified when the 1650 01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:50,330 event is set up so you'll you won't have 1651 01:08:54,490 --> 01:08:52,010 to remember it so we hope you guys will 1652 01:08:57,040 --> 01:08:54,500 check it out tomorrow i want to remind 1653 01:08:57,499 --> 01:08:57,050 everybody is our next weekly Hubble hang 1654 01:09:05,419 --> 01:08:57,509 out 1655 01:09:07,789 --> 01:09:05,429 with dr. Laurent Lambie from from the 1656 01:09:09,499 --> 01:09:07,799 from France I forget the exact uh I 1657 01:09:11,029 --> 01:09:09,509 don't have it in front of me his his 1658 01:09:12,799 --> 01:09:11,039 organization but we hope you will be 1659 01:09:14,779 --> 01:09:12,809 able to watch and learn about Aurora 1660 01:09:16,910 --> 01:09:14,789 from other planets in our solar system 1661 01:09:18,649 --> 01:09:16,920 not just Earth's he's done a lot of good 1662 01:09:21,499 --> 01:09:18,659 research in that area and that will be 1663 01:09:24,649 --> 01:09:21,509 tomorrow at three p.m. eastern daylight 1664 01:09:26,599 --> 01:09:24,659 time and seven o'clock out in for our 1665 01:09:28,640 --> 01:09:26,609 friends out in the UK so we hope you 1666 01:09:30,620 --> 01:09:28,650 guys can join us Frank thank you again 1667 01:09:33,559 --> 01:09:30,630 so much it's always a lot of fun and we 1668 01:09:35,569 --> 01:09:33,569 will see you guys next next month for 1669 01:09:37,339 --> 01:09:35,579 news you know we should we should make 1670 01:09:39,259 --> 01:09:37,349 our own that make our own hang out you 1671 01:09:40,789 --> 01:09:39,269 know news from Hubble and across the 1672 01:09:43,959 --> 01:09:40,799 universe with Parker Frank summers how 1673 01:09:46,819 --> 01:09:43,969 the bump bump uh-huh gotta have to 1674 01:09:48,349 --> 01:09:46,829 forget that theme music right ok thanks 1675 01:09:50,120 --> 01:09:48,359 tony is a lot of fun thanks everybody 1676 01:09:51,799 --> 01:09:50,130 the great questions yeah thank you guys